Muscle Plasticity and Intramuscular signaling in the Insulin-resistant Obese Zucker Rat

The ability to increase skeletal muscle mass may have important implications for the treatment of insulin resistance (IR) and diabetes [1-3]. Recent data suggest that IR muscle may adapt differently than normal muscle; however, molecular mechanism(s) responsible for this finding are not well understood [4]. Herein, we investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the skeletal muscle remodeling in the IR Obese Zucker (OZ) rat. The OZ rat is characterized by skeletal muscle insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia. Compared to LZ rats, our data demonstrate that soleus muscle hypertrophy was significantly attenuated in the OZ rats after 3-weeks of muscle overload and that these findings appear to be accompanied by significant impairments in the ability of the soleus to undergo phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), 70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6k), ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) and protein kinase B (Akt). Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have suggested a role for AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and dsRNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) in skeletal muscle adaptation and their interactions with mTOR related signaling [5, 6]. Our data suggest that IR attenuates overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy through the activation of AMPK and PKR, which appears to be associated with an inhibition of mTOR and eIF2α phosphorylation. This finding is consistent with the possible depression of protein synthesis. Other data demonstrate that IR resistance is associated with the PKR-mediated activation of p38 MAP kinase, which would be predicted to lead to increased protein degradation. Further, we demonstrated that the regulation of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are altered during hypertrophy in OZ rat, which suggest that these molecules may play a role in explaining why IR may be associated with alterations in muscle plasticity. In addition to traditional biochemical signaling cascades, recent data have strongly suggested that muscle-specific miRNAs may participate in the regulation of load-induced skeletal muscle remodeling [7]. To this end, we demonstrate for the first time that miR-1 and miR133 expression levels are lower in IR muscle. Further, we also observed that overload decreased mir-1 expression in the LZ muscle to a greater extent to that measured in the OZ muscle. Combined, these results are the first to report evidence that overload-induced skeletal muscle remodeling in IR OZ rat is associated with multiple level decrements including changes in mTOR signaling, hyperphosphorylation of AMPK and PKR and altered regulation of muscle-specific miRNAs

Lean and Obese Zucker Rats Exhibit Different Patterns of p70S6kinase Regulation in the Tibialis Anterior Muscle in Response to High Force Muscle Contraction

Increased muscle loading results in phosphorylation of the 70 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (p70s6k) signaling pathway and this event strongly correlates with degree of muscle adaptation following resistance exercise. Here, we compared the basal and contraction- induced phosphorylation of p70s6k, Akt and mTOR in tibialis anterior muscles of lean and obese Zucker rats. Immunoblotting demonstrated differences in level of basal p70S6k phosphorylation (Thr 389) in the normal and diabetic TA. HFES had an increase in p70S6k (Thr389) phosphorylation at 0-, 1- and 3-hr in lean TA and only at 3-hr in obese TA. mTOR (Ser 2448) Phosphorylation was elevated in lean TA immediately after HFES and remains unaltered in obese TA. HFES increased activity of both Akt (Thr 308) and Akt (Ser 473) in lean TA. These results suggest that diabetes is associated with alterations in the muscle content and ability to activate p70s6k signaling following an acute bout of exercise

Molecular Simulations of Biofuel and Water Purification in Metal-Organic Frameworks

Ph.DDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPH

Formulation and Evaluation of Bi Layer Matrix Tablet of Anti Hypertensive Drug

Cardiovascular diseases account for a large proportion of all deaths and disability worldwide. Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study reported that there were 5.2 million deaths from cardiovascular diseases in economically developed countries and 9.1 million deaths from the same causes in developing countries . Worldwide prevalence estimates for hypertension may be as much as 1 billion individuals, and approximately 7.1 million deaths per year may be attributable to hypertension 44. Hypertension is directly responsible for 57% of all stroke deaths and 24% of all coronary heart disease deaths in India. Pooling of Indian epidemiological studies shows that hypertension is present in 25% urban and 10% rural subjects. Therefore cost effective approaches to optimally control blood pressure among Indians are very much needed. Although novel drug-delivery systems have been used in other areas of medicine, their application in the treatment of hypertension has been relatively recent1. the discussion and placed in chapter 7. The present study conclusively proved that controlled release bilayer matrix tablets of losartan potassium can be efficiently prepared by using HPMC K100M,eudragit rspo and ssg their combinations. And the prepared tablets gave the promising results for once a day administration of losartan potassium. Vancouver style was followed to write the references quoted in the study and is listed in the chapter of bibliography

IoT Enabled Smart Activity Recognition using Machine Learning Methods

Internet of Things (IoT) enabled architecture-based devices are becoming accessible worldwide irrespective of the area. But functional settings depend on Internet facilities. In this context, the Healthcare industry took a step forward to automate Human Activity Recognition related concepts using IoT and Machine learning methods. This research used a Nodemcu ESP8266 device to track and communicate human activities acquired using ADXL345 accelerometer sensors. Three volunteers participated in this research, and data were acquired using two accelerometer sensors placed on the hand, wrist, and ankle. Data shared to the cloud- thingspeak.com. Acquired data were analyzed and trained with the Random Forest algorithm and tested with the data, achieving 100% accuracy. This model can be helpful in various applications like elderly patient monitoring, I.C.U., dementia, Alzheimer's, etc

Stable transformation of Xylella fastidiosa with small repW shuttle vector pUFR047

Xylella fastidiosa (Xf ) is a fastidious, xylem-inhabiting, Gram-negative bacterium that causes serious plant diseases in a wide range of plant species. The most serious diseases are Pierce’s Disease (PD) of grape and Citrus Variegated Chlorosis (CVC). Functional genomic analyses of Xf have been severely limited by lack of a stable replicative shuttle vector. Plamsid pUFR047, small, stable, wide host range, conjugative and repW shuttle vector have been successfully transferred into Xf strains by electroporation. The vector replicated in a stable manner for over thirty generations of growth in the absence of antibiotic selection in Xf strains

ASSESSMENT OF PROSPECTIVE ADVERSARIES IN DATA PUBLISHING

Differential privacy assurances that occurrence of a verification cannot be conditional from a statistical information release with minute assumptions on an attacker’s environment information and does not conserve information reliability at the record stage, and therefore cannot be employed for several situation. M-Privacy can be assured while there are duplicate records which are treated as a particular record mutual by only some providers. Collaborative data publishing can be measured as a cooperative computation difficulty, in which numerous providers desire to calculate an anonymized vision of their information devoid of revealing any concealed and responsive information. Secure multi-party computation permits more than two parties to jointly calculate some general function by hiding their inputs. When a sub-coalition of an m-adversary is capable to contravene privacy, then upward pruning permit the algorithm to conclude instantly while the m-adversary is capable to violate confidentiality

An efficient method for the production of transgenic plants of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation

Cotyledon explants from mature peanut seeds (Arachis hypogaea L.) were optimized to obtain adventitious shoot buds with high frequencies (\90%). Efficient transformation of these cotyledons by using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58 carrying neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) and ß-glucuronidase (GUS; uidA), or coat protein gene of the Indian peanut clump virus (IPCVcp) and nptII on binary vectors (pBI121; pROKII:IPCVcp) led to the production of a large percentage (55%) of transgenic plants. Transformed individuals were obtained through selection on medium containing 125 mg l�1 kanamycin. A large number of independently transformed plants (over 75) were successfully transplanted to the glasshouse. Integration of the transgenes and stable genetic transformants in the progeny were assessed by PCR amplification of 700-bp fragment of nptII and 585-bp of IPCVcp genes, and Southern blot hybridizations in the T1 generation of transgenic plants. Analysis of 35 transgenic plants of T1 generation from the progeny of a single transformation event suggested the segregation of a single copy insert in a 3:1 Mendelian ratio. On an average, 120–150 days were required between the initiation of explant transformation and transfer of rooted plants to the greenhouse. The cotyledon regeneration system proved to be an excellent vehicle for the production of a large number of independently transformed peanut plants. Shoot formation was rapid and prolific, and a large proportion of these shoots developed into fertile plants. The method reported here provides new opportunities for the crop improvement of peanut via genetic transformation. © 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved

Effect of manganese toxicity on growth and N2 fixation in groundnut, Arachis hypogaea

The development of manganese (Mn) toxicity symptoms and its effects on the growth, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation of groundnut genotypes were examined using a quartz-sand/solution culture system. The 11 genotypes tested all accumulated considerable concentrations of manganese (1.04–3.07 mg g-1dry matter) when supplied with 15 μg Mn ml-1of nutrient solution daily. Toxicity symptoms differed between genotypes: some showed no visual effects, some produced marginal leaf spots, and others developed marginal leaf spots coupled with an inward rolling of the margins of the younger leaves. The growth of one genotype (ICG 5394) grown with inorganic nitrogen as its source of N was more severely affected by Mn toxicity than when dependent on symbiotic fixation for its nitrogen