RABV travels faster and is more directed when transported with p75NTR.

<p>(<b>A–C</b>) Multi-channel live imaging of EGFP-RABV 2 hours after addition to distal axon compartment of DRG explant previously treated with a fluorescent antibody against p75NTR. Arrowheads: p75NTR-positive RABV puncta, scale bar = 10 µm. (<b>D,E</b>) Kymographs of and P75NTR extracted from time lapse depicted in (A–C). (<b>F</b>) RABV-only tracks (green) are less directed than RABV-p75NTR tracks (yellow), as shown when overlaying corresponding kymographs. Vertical scale bar = 5 µm, horizontal scale bar = 40 seconds. (<b>G–O</b>) Characterization of directed RABV puncta, transported with and without p75NTR, n = 184 and n = 122, respectively. (G) RABV presents higher speeds when transported with p75NTR, due to less frequent (H) and shorter pauses (I). Overall RABV-p75NTR spent less time paused on average (J), Diameter and intensity measurements revealed that RABV puncta positive for p75NTR were larger (<b>K</b>) and had higher intensity levels (<b>L</b>) than p75NTR-negative puncta. (<b>M–O</b>) p75NTR positive puncta (blue) are faster, more directed and present higher displacements over time, compared to p75NTR negative puncta (red), illustrated by distribution of instantaneous velocities in (M) (RABV+p75: n = 8051 events; RABV-p75: n = 7423 events) displacement plotted over time (N) and mean square displacement (O). Data is pulled from two separate experiments, error bars represent SEM. *p<0.05.</p

A microfluidic system for tracking retrograde transport in sensory axons.

<p>(<b>A</b>) A Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic chamber used for explant culture. (<b>B,C</b>) 40 µl interval towards the proximal compartment (top) prevents fluorescent dye from diffusing to the proximal compartment, allowing several hours of compartmental separation. Bright field (<b>B</b>) and fluorescent images (<b>C</b>) taken 7.5 hours after addition of Sulforhodamine B fluorescent dye to the distal compartment (bottom). (<b>D</b>) DRG explants are healthy and extend axons through micro-grooves to distal compartment after 2–3 days in vitro. One microgroove typically contains 2–5 axons. Mosaic of 10× images of Calcein-stained DRG explant taken after 5 DIV. Scale bar = 50 µm.</p

RABV binds and internalizes with p75NTR in DRG neuron tips.

<p>Co-localization of EGFP-RABV with p75NTR is shown by live TIRF imaging and sub-pixel localization algorithms. (<b>A</b>) RABV-p75 particles shift from the periphery to the center of the growth cone, where they are internalized into the cell. Lower panels zoom in on dashed square, showing co-localized puncta (left) shifting towards the center of the growth cone (middle) until finally internalized (right). (<b>B</b>) Presentation of six separate events of RABV and p75NTR binding and internalization on the surface of the growth cone shown in (A). Colored trajectories denote displacement from point of detection to point of disappearance. (<b>C</b>) RABV and p75NTR are internalized together, illustrated by corresponding plots of puncta intensity over time (normalized to background), calculated for co-localized particles shown in lower panels of (A). Scale bars = 5 µm. (<b>D</b>) Zoom-in on colocalized RABV and p75 spot, taken from panel (A), scale bar = 1 µm. (<b>E</b>) Overlay of 1D-Gaussian fits of p75 and RABV intensity profiles at the x-axis of the image in panel (D). (<b>F</b>) Representative overlay of radial symmetry fits of the x-y intensity profiles of p75 and RABV spots. σ is the standard deviation of each fitting function; distance between the two spot centers is 51.3 nm. (<b>G</b>) Knockdown of p75NTR decreases rabies virus infection for shorts time incubation. DRGs embryonic cells infected with lentiviral vectors (LV) containing 4 different EGFP-tagged shRNA's against p75NTR or LV-EGFP, were transfected with RABV for 30 or 120 minutes. Low levels of infected neurons were found in shRNA-p75-EGFP cells Average RABV infection rates were normalized to LV-EGFP controls (n = 4 experiments, error bars = SEM, *p<0.005, **p<0.0005).</p

Co-transport of RABV and NGF.

<p>(<b>A–C</b>) EGFP-RABV and Qdot-NGF were simultaneously added to the distal compartment of a DRG explant at 3DIV. Dual-channel live imaging revealed multiple events of RABV co-transported with NGF, illustrated by corresponding images from either channel and overlay. Arrowheads: co-localized puncta trafficked over time. Scale bar = 10 µm. (<b>D–F</b>) Kymographs of EGFP-RABV and Qdot-NGF show mutual transport of RABV and NGF. (<b>G</b>) Two populations of RABV-NGF particles were identified by distribution of average track speeds, as seen by fitted curve (red, minima point represented by dashed line, n = 46). (<b>H–J</b>) “Slow” (n = 38) and “fast” (n = 8) populations according to the minima (1.01 µm/sec) in (G). “Slow” tracks paused more than “fast” tracks (<b>H</b>), and though stop duration was not significantly different (<b>I</b>), spent a larger fraction of their travel paused (<b>J</b>). Data is pulled from two experiments. Error bars represent SEM, *p<0.02.</p

Suggested model.

<p>In order to arrive at the cell body and subsequently the CNS, rabies virus hijacks a fast route using the p75NTR endosomal pathway. In a p75NTR dependent path, RABV manipulates the axonal transport machinery to migrate faster to the cell body. An alternative, slower path, may involve alternative RABV receptors.</p

Rabies virus retrograde transport in DRG is faster and more directed than that of NGF.

<p>Retrograde transport of (<b>A</b>) EGFP-RABV and (<b>B</b>) Quantum-dot conjugated NGF in DRG explants, roughly 2 hours after addition to distal axon compartment. Arrows and arrowheads pointing at transported particles. Scale bars = 10 µm. (<b>C,D</b>) Kymograph for EGFP-RABV and NGF respectively. Horizontal scale bars = 5 µm, vertical scale bars = 40 seconds. (<b>E–J</b>) Characterization of manually tracked directed particles of RABV (n = 209) and NGF (n = 149). (<b>E</b>) RABV is transported faster than NGF, as seen by average speed. (<b>F</b>) RABV is more directed and pauses less than NGF (<b>G</b>) Average pause duration was not significantly different. (<b>H</b>) RABV spent a smaller fraction of its run paused (<b>I</b>) Instantaneous velocities of RABV particles (n = 9885 events) are higher than those of NGF particles (n = 8973 events). Positive and negative values represent retrograde and anterograde velocities, respectively. (<b>J</b>) RABV particles travel larger net distances than NGF's, as seen by mean squared displacements. Data was pulled from two separate experiments. Error bars represent SEM, *p<0.0001.</p

RABV and NGF present similar internalization kinetics at the axon tip.

<p>Live TIRF microscopy was used to track RABV and NGF internalization in DRG neuron tips. (<b>A</b>) EGFP-RABV (dashed circles) is detected on the surface of a neuron tip (white line). Lower panels present a particle (circled in black) disappearing gradually into the cell over a course of ∼9 seconds. (<b>B</b>) Qdot labeled NGF undergoes gradual internalization at the tip of the DRG neuron. (<b>C</b>) Average internalization time of RABV and NGF (n = 6 and 8, respectively), from onset of gradual signal reduction to its disappearance, do not differ significantly [p = 0.148]. (<b>D</b>) Representative time course of individual RABV (blue) and NGF (red) particles intensity profile, from detection on the cell surface to their internalization. Arrows represent direction of the neuron soma. Scale bars = 5 µm.</p

Ferrocenyl-Substituted Triazatruxenes: Synthesis, Electronic Properties, and the Impact of Ferrocenyl Residues on Directional On-Surface Switching on Ag(111)

We report on seven new ferrocenyl-(1, 3)- and ferrocenyl­ethynyl-modified N,N′,N″-triethyltriazatruxenes (EtTATs) 4–7 as well as the dodecyl counterpart 2 of compound 1 and their use as molecular switching units when deposited on a Ag(111) surface. Such functional units may constitute a new approach to molecule-based high-density information storage and processing. Besides the five compounds 1–3, 6, and 7, where the 3-fold rotational symmetry of the triazatruxene (TAT) template is preserved, we also included 2-ethynylferrocenyl-TAT 4 and 2,2′-di(ethynylferrocenyl)-TAT 5, whose mono- and disubstitution patterns break the 3-fold symmetry of the TAT core. Voltammetric studies indicate that the ferrocenyl residues of compounds 1–7 oxidize prior to the oxidation of the TAT core. We have noted strong electrostatic effects on TAT oxidation in the 2,2′,2″-triferrocenyl-TAT derivatives 1 and 2 and the 3,3′,3″-isomer 3. The oxidized complexes feature multiple electronic excitations in the near-infrared and the visible spectra, which are assigned to dδ/δ* transitions of the ferrocenium (Fc+) moieties, as well as TAT → Fc+ charge-transfer transitions. The latter are augmented by intervalence charge-transfer contributions Fc → Fc+ in mixed-valent states, where only a part of the available ferrocenyl residues is oxidized. EtTAT was previously identified as a directional three-level switching unit when deposited on Ag(111) and constitutes a trinary-digit unit for on-surface information storage. The symmetrically trisubstituted compound 6 retains this property, albeit at somewhat reduced switching rates due to the additional interaction between the ferrocenyl residues and the Ag surface. In particular, the high directionality at low bias and the inversion of the preferred sense of the on-surface rocking motion with either a clockwise or counterclockwise switching sense, depending on the identity of the surface enantiomer, are preserved. Unsymmetrical substitution in mono- and diferrocenylated 4 and 5 alters the underlying ratchet potential in a manner such that a two-state switching between the two degenerate surface conformations of 4 or a pronounced suppression of switching (5) is observed

ANP32B-dependent precipitation of HeV M.

<p>(A) Western Blot detection of ANP32B and HeV M in cell lysates (input) and after purification of Strep-ANP32B (eluate). (B) silver gel analysis of purified protein samples. The identities of abundant signals at 40 and 35 kDa were confirmed by mass spectrometry as HeV M and ANP32B, respectively.</p

Over-expression of ANP32B results in specific nuclear accumulation of HeV M.

<p>(a–c) No nuclear accumulation was detectable in HEK 293T cells in the absence of over-expressed ANP32B. (d–f) At ANP32B over-expression, HeV M accumulated in the nucleus. (g–i) Leptomycin B led to nuclear accumulation of HeV M without over-expression of ANP32B. (j–l) Leptomycin B led to nuclear accumulation of rabies virus P. (m–o) In the absence of Leptomycin B, rabies virus P (RABV P) was not detected in the nucleus. (p–r) ANP32B over-expression did not induce nuclear accumulation of RABV P.</p