The various European capitalism models: Convergence and growth in the 2014–2019 inter-crisis period

The Varieties of Capitalism (VoC) literature has recently manifested a dynamic development. Among others, the member states of the European Union (EU) have been studied extensively from this viewpoint, and main capitalism models have been identified. Yet, the global financial and economic crisis and its aftermath in Europe have impacted the member states' economies, typically in asymmetric ways and, in 2020, a highly diverse EU faced the COVID-19 induced economic crisis

Hogyan változott az euróövezet a kezdetek óta?

A közös európai fizetőeszköz, az euró 1999 óta létezik, azonban több évtizednyi monetáris integráció és jogi-gazdasági-pénzügyi előkészületek előzték meg bevezetését. A monetáris unió első tíz éve sikeres volt, a második évtized nagyrészt globálisként indult, majd a valutaövezetre szűkült válság megoldásával telt. A kezdeti szakaszban ad hoc jellegű válságkezelés zajlott, majd elindultak a szisztematikusabb védőintézkedések, intézményi fejlesztések. Mindazonáltal inkább az euróövezet válságállóságát, semmint fenntarthatóságát sikerült mind ez idáig megteremteni – utóbbi még várat magára

Az Európai Központi Bank szerepének átalakulása az európai válságkezelés során = The Changing Role of the European Central Bank during the European Crisis in 2008

Az elhúzódó európai válság során az Európai Központi Bank (EKB) szerepe is átalakult. Egyrészt válság idején, inflációs nyomás helyett deflációs veszéllyel szembesülve, a stabilitás biztosítása mást implikál, mint szokványos időkben. Másrészt tartósan nulla százalék körüli kamat mellett az eszköztárnak kevésbé bevált további elemeit kell bevetni. Az EKB esetében 2010. májusban indult új korszak az első eszközvásárlási programmal, amelyet több hasonló követett. A jegybank mérlege néhány év alatt több mint kétszeresére duzzadt, a legdinamikusabban bővülő tétel eszközoldalon az euróövezetbeli értékpapírok kategóriája lett. Mindeközben az EKB-nak a kiépülő bankunióban is központi szerep jutott. A bankfelügyelet élesítésére 2017 nyarán került sor, az eszközvásárlási programot pedig 2018 végéig vezették ki. Az EKB tehát új és jelentős feladatokat vállalt az európai válságkezelésben, alapvetően sikerrel. In the course of the prolonged European crisis, the role of the European Central Bank (ECB) has also changed. Firstly, in times of crisis, facing risks of deflation instead of inflationary pressure, ensuring stability implies other methods than in usual times. Secondly, with long-lastingly around-zero per cent interest rates, further, less used monetary policy tools are needed. In case of the ECB a new era started in May 2010, with the first asset purchase programme, which was then followed by several similar ones. The central bank’s balance sheet more than doubled in a few years’ time; the most dynamically growing item on the asset side was the category of Eurozone securities. In the meanwhile the ECB was assigned a central role in the newly developed banking union as well. Supervision was put in place in summer 2017 and the asset purchase programme was phased out by the end of 2018. Overall, the ECB undertook new and significant roles in European crisis management – fundamentally with success

How Has the Eurozone Changed Since Its Inception?

The common European currency, the euro has existed since 1999; however, its introduction followed after decades of monetary integration and legal, economic and financial preparation. The first ten years of the monetary union were successful. The second decade was dominated by managing the crisis that was first global in character but then became limited to the crisis of the currency zone. In the initial phase, ad hoc type crisis management measures were taken; later, more systematic protection measures and institutional developments followed. Nevertheless, it is the resistance of the currency zone to future crises that has been established rather than its sustainability-the latter is yet to be ensured

First report of Serratia marcescens from oleander in Hungary

Oleander (Nerium oleander L.) is a popular woody ornamental plant, often used for decorating public areas, terraces and gardens. Many diseases may decrease in the ornamental value of these plantings. Between 2018 and 2020, plant pathogenic bacteria of oleander were examined, and many samples of infected plants were collected from different sites in Hungary. Two non-pigmented Serratia marcescens isolates were identified from oleander by classical and molecular methods. The isolates caused necrotic lesions on oleander leaves. Serratia marcescens is known as an opportunistic mammal or plant pathogen, but non-pathogenic strains are known to be useful biological control agents or plant growth-promoting bacteria. This is the first report of the plant pathogen S. marcescens from oleander, and the first identification of the bacterium in Hungary.

5-[(9H-Fluoren-9-yl­idene)meth­yl]furan-2-carbonitrile

The title compound, C19H11NO, is stabilized by one intra­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bond. The compound can be synthesized in good yield (49%), by transformation of functional groups [starting with 5-(fluoren-9-ylidenemeth­yl)furan-2-carbaldehyde]. The flourene and furan ring systems are nearly coplanar, with a dihedral angle of 6.36 (7)°

Biological Activity of Sour Cherry Fruit on the Bacterial Flora of Human Saliva in vitro

U radu je prvi put prikazan antibakterijski učinak mađarskih kultivara višanja. Ispitana je biološka aktivnost soka od ovih sorata: Érdi jubileum, Érdi bőtermő, Maliga emléke and Kántorjánosi 3, ubranih u različitim fazama zrelosti, te njihov učinak na suzbijanje bakterija u ljudskoj slini. Različitim metodama određivan je utjecaj višanja na miješanu bakterijsku floru sline 10 dobrovoljaca. Baktericidni je učinak procijenjen određivanjem minimalne inhibitorne koncentracije (metodom difuzije agara) i određivanjem najmanjeg baktericidnog razrjeđenja (brojanjem preživjelih bakterijskih stanica u razrijeđenim sokovima). Antibakterijski je učinak također utvrđen praćenjem broja bakterijskih stanica preostalih nakon obrade nerazrijeđenim sokovima. Ispitani sokovi od višanja imali su impresivni baktericidni učinak na bakterije u ljudskoj slini, tj. smanjili su broj stanica za 10-100× u kratkom vremenskom roku (10-40 min). Sorta Érdi jubileum bila je učinkovitija od ostalih sorata (smanjila je broj stanica za 100 000× tijekom 270 min), a njezin je baktericidni učinak ovisio o zrelosti i datumu berbe. Biološki aktivne komponente sokova bile su učinkovite protiv širokog spektra oportunističkih patogenih bakterija, kao što su: Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Pantoea spp. i Escherichia coli, uključujući i bakteriju Pseudomonas aeruginosa koja je otporna na antibiotike, a nisu utjecale na korisne probiotičke vrste Lactobacillus spp. Rezultati su potvrdili da su svi ispitani sokovi od višanja imali antibakterijski učinak, pa je zaključeno da se konzumiranjem višanja ili njihova soka može pozitivno utjecati na higijenu usne šupljine.This study is the first report on the antibacterial effect of Hungarian sour cherry cultivars. Biological activity of sour cherry juices prepared from fruits Érdi jubileum, Érdi bőtermő, Maliga emléke and Kántorjánosi 3 harvested at different maturity stages was investigated on bacteria present in human saliva. The influence of sour cherry on a mixed bacterial flora of human saliva of 10 volunteers was determined by different experimental approaches. Bactericidal effects were evaluated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using agar diffusion methods and by minimum bactericidal dilution (MBD) assays counting the number of surviving bacterial cells in the diluted juices. Time-dependent antibacterial effects were also determined by monitoring the decrease in bacterial cell numbers after the treatment with undiluted juices. The investigated sour cherry juices displayed an impressive bactericidal effect against human saliva bacteria (10–100× reduction of cell numbers) within a short time frame (10–40 min). Érdi jubileum was more effective (100 000× reduction of cell number after 270 min) than the other studied cultivars. Bactericidal effect was influenced by ripening of samples of Érdi jubileum obtained at different harvesting dates. Biologically active components were effective against a large spectrum of opportunistic bacterial pathogens such as Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Pantoea spp. and Escherichia coli, including the antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa but they were ineffective against beneficial probiotic Lactobacillus spp. Results confirmed the antibacterial potential of all the investigated sour cherry fruits, therefore the consumption of the fruit or its juice for positive influence on oral hygiene is highly recommended