La Quiero Ver~Quiero Verla: Monolingual and bilingual children\u27s variable clitic placement

This study addresses whether/how monolingual and bilingual Spanish-speaking children differ in their acquisition of grammar by examining direct object clitics in contexts where either proclisis or enclisis is possible (Lo voy a ver vs. Voy a verlo). The current study examines variable clitic placement in sociolinguistic interviews conducted with 21 Spanish-English bilingual children of Mexican descent, ages 5-11, and 71 monolingual children in Mexico, ages 6-11. All direct object clitics in variable contexts were extracted (N =140 tokens, .2% of total word count). Both the monolingual and bilingual children produced high rates of proclisis (76%, 75%, respectively). It is concluded that naturalistic production data do not support the view that English impacts bilingual childrens patterns of variable clitic placement in Spanish. Instead, their patterns of use are the same as those found among monolingual children

SUBNUCLEAR LOCALIZATION AND CELL CYCLE REGULATION OF TDG

Thymine DNA glycosylase is an essential component of base excision repair that excises mispaired thymine and uracil in the CpG context. This activity makes TDG an important factor in CpG dinucleotide maintenance. Through its association with the transcriptional coactivator proteins CBP∕p300 and other transcription factors, TDG has also been implicated in the regulation of gene expression. Here we delineate two distinct Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier protein (SUMO) binding domains in mouse TDG and demonstrate that this activity is inhibited by the hydrophilic amino-terminal region of TDG via DNA binding. The SUMO-binding activity of TDG, rather than binding to unmodified PML, was found to be essential for its localization to PML oncogenic domains (PODs). CBP∕p300 have been identified as POD-associated proteins, and have also been implicated in cell cycle regulation. Given its association with CBP∕p300, we postulated that TDG may be regulated in a cell cycle dependent manner. In this study, we demonstrated that cellular TDG levels diminish in S phase of the cell cycle, and this depletion may occur as a result of proteasome-mediated degradation. During mitosis cellular TDG levels were found to increase from those found in S phase, and in an interesting observation, TDG was excluded from condensed chromatin during all phases of mitosis. We also investigated whether TDG may be involved in regulating cell cycle progression by measuring cellular proliferation in stable cell lines expressing decreased levels of TDG. These studies revealed that TDG downregulation causes an increase in cellular proliferation consistent with a plausible role of TDG in regulating the cell cycle. Collectively, these findings have elucidated the SUMO-mediated mechanisms of TDG subnuclear localization, and have implicated TDG in cell cycle regulation in addition to its well established role in DNA repair

Usage of Grammarly – Online Grammar and Spelling Checker Tool at the Health Sciences Library, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal: A Study

Accurate use of grammar and writing is an essential aspect of any writing. Today various online grammar spelling checker tools are available for improving writing quality. The popularity of these platforms is increasing among researchers and academicians every day. Aim of the present study is to know the opinion, use and satisfaction level among the users of Grammarly - online grammar and spelling checker tool subscribed by the Health Science Library, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal. Structured questionnaires were distributed among the registered users of Grammarly tool at the Health Sciences Library. The study observed that almost all the users were aware that the Health Science Library is subscribing to Grammarly tool. More than half of the users used this tool because of the limitation of Microsoft word as found in the study. It is also found from the study that the majority of the respondents who participated in the study were using Grammarly for Microsoft Office. The study also observed that users are using Grammarly tool for different purposes like writing research papers, dissertations, theses, books, reports, and course papers. From the present study, it is also observed that most important advantages of Grammarly are - it improves the writing skills, catches contextual spelling and grammar mistakes, integrates with Microsoft Office, shows definitions and synonyms via double-clicks. Grammarly is one of the tools subscribed by the Health Sciences Library to boost up academic writing, research, and publication of students, faculty members, and research scholars of MAHE, Manipal

Usage of Grammarly – Online Grammar and Spelling Checker Tool at the Health Sciences Library, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal: A Study

Accurate use of grammar and writing is an essential aspect of any writing. Today various online grammar spelling checker tools are available for improving writing quality. The popularity of these platforms is increasing among researchers and academicians every day. Aim of the present study is to know the opinion, use and satisfaction level among the users of Grammarly - online grammar and spelling checker tool subscribed by the Health Science Library, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal. Structured questionnaires were distributed among the registered users of Grammarly tool at the Health Sciences Library. The study observed that almost all the users were aware that the Health Science Library is subscribing to Grammarly tool. More than half of the users used this tool because of the limitation of Microsoft word as found in the study. It is also found from the study that the majority of the respondents who participated in the study were using Grammarly for Microsoft Office. The study also observed that users are using Grammarly tool for different purposes like writing research papers, dissertations, theses, books, reports, and course papers. From the present study, it is also observed that most important advantages of Grammarly are - it improves the writing skills, catches contextual spelling and grammar mistakes, integrates with Microsoft Office, shows definitions and synonyms via double-clicks. Grammarly is one of the tools subscribed by the Health Sciences Library to boost up academic writing, research, and publication of students, faculty members, and research scholars of MAHE, Manipal

Anticipatory behavior in lane changing models

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2006.Includes bibliographical references (p. 118-120).Actions performed by drivers in case of lane changing behavior are usually the result of some plan the driver has in mind. This involves anticipating future scenarios and persisting in order to execute the plan. The objective of this thesis is to develop a framework for modeling the lane-changing behavior that captures the anticipatory behavior of drivers. Two ways of capturing this behavior - a dynamic programming model and an explicit forced merging model - are developed in this thesis. The fact that drivers constantly modify their plans in the light of new information, suggests the use of a dynamic programming approach, where the solution takes the form of an optimal decision rule that specifies drivers' optimal decisions as a function of their current information. A theoretical framework is developed and the advantages and disadvantages of the approach are discussed. The computational complexity of applying such a model suggests adopting an alternative approach to the problem. The explicit forced merging model captures the planning and persistent behavior of drivers. The model is essentially a gap acceptance model that explicitly captures normal and forced merging behavior of vehicles merging from the on-ramp to the freeway.(cont.) Aggressive drivers that tend to initiate forced merging persist in their plan to complete the merging process. The parameters of the model are estimated using detailed trajectory data. Estimation results show that the lane changing behavior is affected by relative speeds of the neighboring vehicles with respect to the merging vehicle, distance to the mandatory lane changing point and acceleration of the lag vehicle. They also show that the initiation of the forced merging process is dependent on unobserved driver characteristics like aggressiveness, driving experience etc. The model is statistically superior to another model estimated with the same dataset but which ignores the planning behavior of drivers.by Anita Rao.S.M

Marketing Science Conference and the Stanford GSB Marketing Seminar for their useful comments. All errors are my own. Correspondence: The University of Chicago

Abstract Digitization of content is changing how consumers and firms use purchase and rental markets. Low transaction costs make accessing content easier for consumers. Digital technology enables firms to create non-durable "rental" versions of their content and restrict content to the purchasing consumer, effectively shutting down resale markets. To empirically analyze the interaction of purchase and rental markets, I design a preference measurement tool to recover consumers' inter-temporal preferences through currentperiod choices alone. I then use these preferences to solve for a dynamic equilibrium between consumers and the firm. In the context of the online home-video market, I find that when the firm is able to commit to holding prices fixed forever, providing content through the purchase market alone is sufficient. However, when the firm is unable to commit, it should serve both purchase and rental markets. Canonical theory models would predict exclusive rentals, but the purchase option enables indirect price discrimination in practice. I also find that when consumers place a premium on accessing new content, they are less likely to inter-temporally substitute, thereby increasing the firm's pricing power. Consistent with theory, commitment to future prices increases profits considerably. This finding supports the rigid pricing structure of such retailers as Apple, despite studios' push toward more pricing flexibility. Keywords: purchase and rental markets, durable good pricing, online content, experiment design, conjoint analysis * This paper is based on my dissertation. I would like to thank my advisor Wesley Hartmann for his invaluable guidance. I would also like to thank my dissertation committee members Harikesh Nair, Sridhar Narayanan and V. Srinivasan for their valuable feedback. Thanks to Latika Chaudhury, Pradeep Chintagunta, J.P.Dubé, Avi Goldfarb, Günter Hitsch, Oleg Urminsky; to seminar participants at Chicago, Cornell, Dartmouth, Northwestern, Ohio State, Rochester and UBC; to participants at th

Factors affecting delayed and non-receipt of healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic for women in rural Maharashtra, India:Evidence from a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND: Pathways to low healthcare utilisation under the COVID-19 pandemic are not well understood. This study aims to understand women's concerns about the health system's priorities and their increased burden of domestic responsibilities during COVID-19 as predictors of delayed or non-receipt of needed care for themselves or their children. METHODS: We surveyed married women in rural Maharashtra, India (N = 1021) on their health and economic concerns between Feb 1 and March 26, 2021. This study period was when India emerged from the first wave of the pandemic, which had severely impacted the health systems, and before the second—even more devastating wave had started. We captured if women were concerned about access to non-COVID health services due to healthcare being directed solely to COVID-19) (exposure 1) and whether their domestic responsibilities increased during the pandemic (exposure 2). Our outcomes included women's reports on whether they delayed healthcare seeking (secondary outcome and mediator) and whether they received healthcare for themselves or their children when needed (primary outcome). We conducted adjusted regression models on our predictor variables with each outcome and assessed the mediation effects of delayed healthcare seeking for each of the exposure variables. FINDINGS: We found that women who were concerned that healthcare was directed solely towards COVID-19 were more likely not to receive healthcare when needed (Adjusted Risk Ratio [ARR] = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.14, 1.95). We also found that women whose domestic care burden increased under the pandemic were more likely to delay healthcare seeking (ARR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.05, 3.21). Delayed healthcare seeking mediated the associations between each of our exposure variables with our outcome variable, non-receipt of needed healthcare. INTERPRETATION: Our findings suggested that women's perceptions of healthcare systems and their domestic labour burdens affected healthcare seeking during the pandemic in India, even before the second wave of COVID-19 incapacitated the health system. Support for women and health systems is needed to ensure healthcare uptake during crises. FUNDING: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, USA (grant numbers: R01HD084453- 01A1 and RO1HD61115); Department of Biotechnology, Government of India (grant #BT/IN/US/01/BD/2010); the EMERGE project (Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Grants: OPP1163682 and INV018007; PI Anita Raj), and Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Grant number INV-002967

Validation of the Fertility Norms Scale and Association with Fertility Intention and Contraceptive Use in India.

Social norms related to fertility may be driving pregnancy desire, timing and contraceptive use, but measurement has lagged. We validated a 10-item injunctive Fertility Norms Scale (FNS) and examined its associations with family planning outcomes among 1021 women and 1020 men in India. FNS captured expectations around pronatalism, childbearing early in marriage and community pressure. We assessed reliability and construct validity through Cronbachs alpha and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) respectively, examining associations with childbearing intention and contraceptive use. FNS demonstrated good reliability (α = 0.65-0.71) and differing sub-constructs by gender. High fertility norm among women was associated with greater likelihood of pregnancy intention [RRR = 2.35 (95% CI: 1.25,4.39); ARRR = 1.53 (95% CI: 0.70,3.30)], lower likelihood of delaying pregnancy [RRR = 0.69 (95% CI: 0.50,0.96); ARRR = 0.72 (95% CI: 0.51,1.02)] and greater ambivalence on delaying pregnancy [RRR = 1.92 (95% CI: 1.18,3.14); ARRR = 1.99 (95% CI: 1.21,3.28)]. Womens higher FNS scores were also associated with higher sterilization [RRR = 2.17 (95% CI: 1.28,3.66); ARRR = 2.24 (95% CI: 1.32,3.83)], but the reverse was noted for men [RRR = 0.61 (95% CI: 0.36,1.04); ARRR = 0.54 (95% CI: 0.32,0.94)]. FNS indicated better predictive value among women compared to men for key reproductive outcomes. This measure may be useful for social norms-focused evaluations in family planning and warrants cross-contextual study