Прошение-завещание кронпринцессы Шарлотты Христины Софии Вольфенбюттельской (1715): история подлинника и переводов

This paper aims to introduce an important document of the Petrine time into scholarly circulation. The last will of the wife of Tsarevich Alexei, Crown Princess Charlotte Christina Sophia, written on the day of her death on October 21, 1715, in the form of a petition addressed to her father-in-law — Peter I — has been known until now only in two translations, made in the eighteenth and in the first half of the nineteenth centuries, going back to an unknown original. This publication contains the text of the petition testament of Crown Princess Charlotte Christina Sophia recently discovered by A. V. Morokhin in the Manuscripts Department of the Russian National Library (St Petersburg). The document is in German written in fluent Neo-Gothic italics of the early eighteenth century on both sides of two sheets of yellowed paper. Comparing the signatures of Crown Princess Charlotte Christina Sophia under several of her letters originating from the archives of Germany with the signature on the document published makes it possible to conclude that the document is authentic. The article provides a complete transcription of the original source, as well as its literal translation into modern Russian. A comparative analysis of the original text with later editions of the petition testament allows the authors to define the newly found document as the original source. The letter of Crown Princess Charlotte Christina Sophia is considered in the broad context of the political and dynastic history of the Petrine state. The circumstances that come to light during the analysis of the tragic story of Princess Charlotte’s death help visualise the expressive features of everyday life in Peter I’s inner family circle.Цель настоящей работы — введение в научный оборот важного документа петровского времени. Завещание жены царевича Алексея кронпринцессы Шарлотты Христины Софии, написанное в день ее смерти 21 октября 1715 г. и составленное в форме прошения Петру I, известно в двух переводах, сделанных в XVIII и в первой половине XIX в. и восходящих к неизвестному подлиннику. В настоящей публикации приводится недавно обнаруженный А. В. Морохиным в Отделе рукописей Российской национальной библиотеки (Санкт-Петербург) предполагаемый оригинал текста прошения-завещания кронпринцессы Шарлотты Христины Софии на немецком языке, написанный беглым неоготическим курсивом начала XVIII в. на двух исписанных с обеих сторон листах пожелтевшей бумаги. Сопоставление подписей кронпринцессы Шарлотты Христины Софии под несколькими ее письмами, привлеченными из архивов Германии, с подписью на публикуемом документе позволяет прийти к выводу о подлинности этого документа. В статье приведена полная транскрипция оригинала источника, а также его дословный перевод на современный русский язык. Сравнительный анализ текста оригинала с позднейшими изданиями прошения-завещания позволяют усматривать в новонайденном документе исходный источник. Предсмертное письмо кронпринцессы Шарлотты Христины Софии рассматривается в статье в широком контексте политической и династической истории Петровского государства. Выступающие при разборе трагической истории кончины кронпринцессы обстоятельства позволяют зримо представить себе выразительные реалии повседневности в жизни ближнего семейного круга Петра I

Analyzing semi-variances at individual level: the pricing, risk premiums, and their relation to stock return

In Chapter 1, I explain the prices of semi-variances at the individual stock level using model-free semi-variance indices. In Chapter 2, I quantify downside and upside semi-variance risk premiums for stocks with a model-free and fully tradable approach. I show that these premiums have opposite signs, contrasting magnitudes, and exhibit different variation patterns. In Chapter 3, I study the relationship between the semi-variance risk premiums and stock returns. I report the differential impact of the semi-variance risk premiums on stock returns. My results imply the need to analyze downside and upside semi-variance risks separately.Dans le chapitre 1, j'explique les prix des semi-variances au niveau des individuels à l'aide d'indices de semi-variance sans modèle. Dans le chapitre 2, je quantifie les primes de risque de semi-variance à la baisse et à la hausse pour les actions avec une approche sans modèle et entièrement négociable. Je montre que ces primes ont des signes opposés, des amplitudes contrastées et présentent différents modèles de variation. Dans le chapitre 3, j'étudie la relation entre les primes de risque de semi-variance et les rendements boursiers. Je rapporte l'impact différentiel des primes de risque de semi-variance sur les rendements boursiers. Mes résultats impliquent la nécessité d'analyser séparément les risques de semi-variance à la baisse et à la hausse

Access to the Sea and the Imperial Ambitions of Peter the Great

Access to the Baltic Sea was the main initial goal of Russia’s participation in the Great Northern War (1700–1721). This military involvement was primarily due to the personal motives of Peter the Great, however, numerous different factors also played an important role. The foundation of St Petersburg, making it the capital city, and fortifying it with a defensive system was aimed at securing the Russian control over the mouth of the Neva. The military operations and diplomatic efforts undertaken by Russia in 1702–1709 were aimed exclusively to maintain access to the sea. At this time, Russia was ready to agree to the peace terms which were to grant it only the old Russian provinces of Ingria and Karelia. However, after the victorious Battle of Poltava of 1709, Peter the Great developed imperial ambitions. Under the pretext of ensuring the security of St Petersburg and ensuring Russia’s access to the sea, the Russians captured Swedish lands in the Eastern Baltic and Finland, and then annexed most of these territories. At the same time, Russian diplomacy constantly ensured of its readiness to conclude peace, but these attempts were rejected by the Swedes. Ten years of warfare and destructive raids on the coastal regions of the Kingdom of Sweden forced the Swedes to negotiate. The Treaty of Nystad of 1721 not only ended the war between Russia and Sweden, but it also became the starting point of the extraordinary development of Peter the Great’s imperial ambitions. Russia entered the world of great European and global politics as an empire, as an aggressive state of despotic character

Digital transformation and optimization models in the sphere of logistics

The efficiency, optimization, speed and time limits have always been of crucial importance for the logistics system, while saving of speed and time in the real-time mode are the key factors with transition to digital technologies and establishment of Industry 4.0 since they become the competitive advantages. The innovative use of technologies in such fields as data analysis, Internet of things and cloud calculations significantly change the logistical and transportation systems as a result of mating digital and existing supply chains becoming the catalyst of transition to “Logistika 4.0”. This work offers a model and method of shaping an optimal plan of fulfilling a complex of interrelated logistical operations for such changing conditions.The model is based on the presentation of optimization procedure as a non-linear task of discrete programming consisting in minimization of time of fulfilling the above complex of operations by a limited number of contractors partially interchangeable under conditions of limited budgeting. A model obtained thereat for establishing an optimal plan will belong to the class of nonpolynimially challenging tasks. In order to solve these tasks, a method has been suggested supported by a procedure of branches and boundaries. Thealgorithmisbasedon dichotomous branchingdiagram. Itsapplicationprovidesforreceivingboth quasi-optimalandoptimallogisticsplansfor the finite number of steps. Atthat, theassessmentofaccuracy is provided for quasi-optimal plans. The proposed model and method help solve a wide spectrum of practical tasks of logistical planning under conditions of digital transformation

Digital transformation and optimization models in the sphere of logisticsa

The efficiency, optimization, speed and time limits have always been of crucial importance for the logistics system, while saving of speed and time in the real-time mode are the key factors with transition to digital technologies and establishment of Industry 4.0 since they become the competitive advantages. The innovative use of technologies in such fields as data analysis, Internet of things and cloud calculations significantly change the logistical and transportation systems as a result of mating digital and existing supply chains becoming the catalyst of transition to “Logistika 4.0”. This work offers a model and method of shaping an optimal plan of fulfilling a complex of interrelated logistical operations for such changing conditions.The model is based on the presentation of optimization procedure as a non-linear task of discrete programming consisting in minimization of time of fulfilling the above complex of operations by a limited number of contractors partially interchangeable under conditions of limited budgeting. A model obtained thereat for establishing an optimal plan will belong to the class of nonpolynimially challenging tasks. In order to solve these tasks, a method has been suggested supported by a procedure of branches and boundaries. Thealgorithmisbasedon dichotomous branchingdiagram. Itsapplicationprovidesforreceivingboth quasi-optimalandoptimallogisticsplansfor the finite number of steps. Atthat, theassessmentofaccuracy is provided for quasi-optimal plans. The proposed model and method help solve a wide spectrum of practical tasks of logistical planning under conditions of digital transformation

Optimization of perishable goods delivery in supply chains with random demand

The article suggests a model for defining a rational range and volume of supply of perishable goods in their supply chains functioning at the time of random demand. In the verbal formulation, the goal of the model is to determine the range and delivery volumes of perishable goods that maximize profits with restrictions on the funds available for their purchase, storage volumes and weight, as well as on lost profits. The formalized representation of the model is determined by the properties of the supplied perishable goods. If these goods are divisible, then the model is formalized as a linear programming problem. In this case, the rational assortment and volume of goods is determined by solving it, for example, using the simplex method.If the goods under consideration are piece (indivisible), they are formalized in the form of a corresponding integer programming problem. In this case, the rational assortment and volume of goods is determined by solving it, for example, based on the branch and bound method. The peculiarity of the model is that it takes into account the stochastic nature of demand for goods, their limited shelf life, as well as the possibility of storing goods and the availability of funds necessary to purchase the next batch

A model for setting up development programs for logistics systems in the electric power industry to achieve electric power security

The electric power security of the Russian Federation is one of the most important factors influencing the economy and social sphere, as well as the living conditions and activities of Russian citizens. Thus, one of the global issues concerning electric power security is to keep a balance between the demand for resources and the lack of ability of the corresponding logistic systems to provide continuity and synchronize the processes of production, distribution and delivery of enough electric power to consumers. The urgent need for purposeful development of logistics systems in the electric power industry and to ensure electric power security determines the relevance of improving the methodological tools for taking rational decisions in planning and managing this process. This paper is aimed at improving these tools. It proposes a generalized structure of the model and an algorithm for solving the problem related to forming the best variant of the logistics system development program in the electric power industry. The minimization of financial costs is used as a criterion of optimality in the model. To take into account the uncertainty inherent in the development of the logistics system in the electric power industry, the it is necessary to set the intervals of the possible costs of the project components. To resolve this problem an iterative algorithm is proposed so that an expedient variant of the project is formed consistently