Assessment of Physicochemical Parameters and Heavy Metals in Sagamu Abattoir Waste Water Ogun State, Nigeria

Abattoir wastewater is a great threat to environmental safety. This study was aimed at assessing the physiochemical constituents using standard methods and some heavy metals using Agilent Microwave Atomic Emission Spectrometer (MP-AES) 4200 model after sample digestion of wastewater from three (3) major abattoirs in Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria. The sample was digested using a mixture of nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide. The digested samples were then analyzed for heavy metals. Data from the physicochemical characterization show that pH, TS, TDS, TSS and COD ranged from; (5.8 – 6.2), (11500 – 27733.33), (5500 – 9066.67), (6000 – 18666.67), and (1507.67 – 3671) respectively. The assessed heavy metals are in the range (mg/L): Zn (0.132-0.337), Cu (0.091 – 0.516), Mn (0.410 – 0.994), Fe (5.294 – 15.44), V (0.132 – 0.32), Cd (0.036 – 0.119), Ni (0.029 – 0.17), Pb (0.136 – 0.234), Cr (0.299 – 1.277), and Co (0.015 – 0.079). Zn, Cu and Fe are essential metals within tolerable limits except Mn that exceeded the limits of World Health Organization (0.04 mg/L) but below Federal Ministry of Environment (5 mg/L) while Ni, Pb and Chromium are above permissible limits in all samples.  The pretreatment of the wastewater before discharging into environment is highly recommended and more research should be done on remediation to reduce the abattoir wastewater heavy metals concentration and the effect it is having on the ecosystem and the environment at large

EVALUATION OF HY-8 MODELING TOOL FOR HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS OF SELECTED CULVERTS ALONG ILORIN -JEBBA ROAD, KWARA STATE, NIGERIA

In this study, selected culverts along Ilorin – Jebba road, Kwara State were hydraulically analyzed using HY-8 modelling tool. Hydrological analyses of the culverts were performed using rational method for the computation of design discharges. On site information such as tail water data such as channel type and bottom width, roadway data such as crest length and culvert data such as culvert material and span were collected from each of the culverts and were used in conjunction with estimated design discharge as input data for HY-8 modeling tool to facilitate the hydraulic analysis of the culverts. Hydrological analysis showed that the highest design flow of 9.09 m3/s was obtained at culvert located at Km 11+775 while the least design flow of 1.83 m3/s was obtained at culvert located at Km 3+300. Hydraulic analysis revealed that seven of the analyzed culverts have adequate capacity to convey the design flow while three culverts were found inadequate to convey the design flow and therefore, need to be resized. The outcome of this study will arouse the interest of engineers in the usage of the tool in sizing hydraulic culverts most especially in Nigeria and other Saharan African countries

Evaluation of HY-8 Modeling Tool for Hydraulic Analysis of Selected Culverts along Ilorin -Jebba Road, Kwara State, Nigeria.

In this study, selected culverts along Ilorin – Jebba road, Kwara State were hydraulically analyzed using HY-8 modelling tool. Hydrological analyses of the culverts were performed using rational method for the computation of design discharges.  On site information such as tail water data such as channel type and bottom width, roadway data such as crest length and culvert data such as culvert material and span were collected from each of the culverts and were used in conjunction with estimated design discharge as input data for HY-8 modeling tool to facilitate the hydraulic analysis of the culverts.   Hydrological analysis showed that the highest design flow of 9.09 m3/s was obtained at culvert located at Km 11+775 while the least design flow of 1.83 m3/s was obtained at culvert located at Km 3+300.  Hydraulic analysis revealed that seven of the analyzed culverts have adequate capacity to convey the design flow while three culverts were found inadequate to convey the design flow and therefore, need to be resized.  The outcome of this study will arouse the interest of engineers in the usage of the tool in sizing hydraulic culverts most especially in Nigeria and other Saharan African countries

Formulating Poultry Feeds from Food Processing By-Products

This study was undertaken to formulate poultry feeds (chick mash, growers mash and layers mash) from food processing by-products using mixture design experimental methodology. The proximate composition of the formulated feeds were also determined and compared with the recommended nutrient level of layers feed. Models for the proximate composition of the formulated feeds were also developed. The results of analyses for the formulated samples of chicks, growers and layers mashes showed that the crude protein, the crude fibre, the moisture, the fat, the ash, and the carbohydrate contents, ranged respectively from 16.1% to 17.89%, 4% to 6.25%, 9.34% to 11.9%, 2.9% to 6.1%, 3.54% to 6.23%, and 55.3% to 60.98%. The respectively recommended values for chick mash, growers mash and layers mash are: 18%, 16%, 15% (crude protein); 6.25%, 4.56%, 5.94% (crude fibre); 9.45%, 9.65%, 7.98% (moisture content); 3.25%, 3.84%, 4.1% (fat); 4.29%, 6.02%, 5.39% (ash); and 57.98%, 59.48%, 61.28% (carbohydrate). The study showed that the proximate compositions of the formulated feeds are in close agreement with recommendations on nutrient levels for poultry feeds

Synthesis, Characterization and Surface Properties of Amidosulfobetaine Surfactants Bearing Odd-Number Hydrophobic Tail

Three amidosulfobetaine surfactants were synthesized namely: 3‐(N‐pentadecanamidopropyl‐N,N‐dimethyl ammonium) propanesulfonate (2a); 3‐(N‐heptadecanamidopropyl‐N,N‐dimethyl ammonium) propanesulfonate (2b), and 3‐(N‐nonadecanamidopropyl‐N,N‐dimethyl ammonium) propanesulfonate (2c). These surfactants were prepared by direct amidation of commercially available fatty acids with 3‐(dimethylamino)‐1‐propylamine and subsequent reaction with 1,3‐propanesultone to obtain quaternary ammonium salts. The synthesized surfactants were characterized by IR, NMR and mass spectrometry. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed that the synthesized surfactants have excellent thermal stability with no major thermal degradation below 300 °C. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) values of the surfactants 2a and 2b were found to be 2.2 × 10−4 and 1.04 × 10−4 mol/L, and the corresponding surface tension (γCMC) values were 33.14 and 34.89 mN m−1, respectively. The surfactants exhibit excellent surface properties, which are comparable with conventional surfactants. The intrinsic viscosity of surfactant (2b) was studied at various temperatures and concentrations of multi‐component brine solution. The plot of natural logarithm of relative viscosity versus surfactant concentration obtained from Higiro et al. model best fit the surfactant behavior. Due to good salt resistance, excellent surface properties and thermal stability, the synthesized surfactant has potential to be used in various oil field applications such as enhanced oil recovery, fracturing, acid diversion, and well stimulation.Scopu