Political Economy of Tribal Development : A Case Study of Andhra Pradesh

The tribal population in the State of Andhra Pradesh, and in the country as a whole, is the most deprived and vulnerable community that faces severe economic exclusion. Although certain constitutional safeguards are provided, no significant economic, social and political mobility has taken place across this community. Contrary to Scheduled Castes and other Backward Castes who witnessed certain degrees of progress because of protective discrimination policies of the government, the Scheduled Tribes remain abysmally backward and socially excluded, still living in harsh environs. Our paper on "Political Economy of Tribal Development : A Case Study of Andhra Pradesh", delineates the situation of the Scheduled Tribes in the background of various policies of the state during the successive plan periods and its impact on their socio-economic mobility. Politically, this community is the most voiceless in the state. Their unsecured livelihood position in terms of lack of legal entitlements of the resources they use, both land and non-timber forest produce, push them into deep economic vulnerability. The paper also discusses the implications of the new act - Forest Right Act, 2006, on the livelihood security of the tribal communities and whether this act will finally lead to the inclusion of these people into the mainstream.Andhra Pradesh, India, economic exclusion, caste system, socio-economic mobility, Forest Right Act 2006

Studies on genetic diversity in poplar (Populus deltoides Bartram ex Marsh.) using morphological and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker

30 popular poplar clones were studied to assess genetic divergence using morphological growth parameters and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Based on Mahalanobis D2 analysis, 15 clusters were formed and clustering pattern indicated presence of substantial genetic diversity among 30 poplar clones. These clones were subjected to RAPD analysis, a total of 374 RAPD loci were detected out of which 20 were monomorphic and 354 were polymorphic. A positive correlation between morphological and RAPD analysis in estimating genetic divergence was found. The present molecular study revealed that genotypes from different geographical region clustered in one group, which signifies occurrence of narrow genetic base in that zone. To promote diversified plantation, a multiculture group comprising of S7 C1, G-7, 421-2, 82-35-4, PIP-123, D-123, A-194 and 22-N was found to make a broad genetic base for commercial plantations.Key words: Poplar, clones, D2 , random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), DNA, diversity

Induction of MAP Kinase Homologues during Growth and Morphogenetic Development of Karnal Bunt (Tilletia indica) under the Influence of Host Factor(s) from Wheat Spikes

Signaling pathways that activate different mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in response to certain environmental conditions, play important role in mating type switching (Fus3) and pathogenicity (Pmk1) in many fungi. In order to determine the roles of such regulatory genes in Tilletia indica, the causal pathogen of Karnal bunt (KB) of wheat, semi-quantitative and quantitative RT-PCR was carried out to isolate and determine the expression of MAP kinase homologues during fungal growth and development under in vitro culture. Maximum expression of TiFus3 and TiPmk1 genes were observed at 14th and 21st days of culture and decreased thereafter. To investigate whether the fungus alters the expression levels of same kinases upon interaction with plants, cultures were treated with 1% of host factors (extracted from S-2 stage of wheat spikes). Such treatment induced the expression of MAPks in time dependent manner compared to the absence of host factors. These results suggest that host factor(s) provide certain signal(s) which activate TiFus3 and TiPmk1 during morphogenetic development of T. indica. The results also provides a clue about the role of host factors in enhancing the disease potential due to induction of MAP kinases involved in fungal development and pathogenecity

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Crab Farmin

Deuteron Structure and Form Factors: Using Inverse Potentials for S-waves

In this paper, we determine deuteron's static properties, low energy scattering parameters, total cross-section and form factors from inverse S-wave potentials constructed using Morse function. The scattering phase shifts (SPS) at different lab energies are determined using phase function method. The model parameters are optimised using both machine learning algorithm and traditional data analysis by choosing mean squared error as cost function. The mean absolute error between experimental and obtained SPS for states 3S1 and 1S0 are found to be 0.35 and 0.70 respectively. The low energy scattering parameters are matching well with expected values. The contribution due to S-waves SPS towards total cross-section at various energies have been obtained and are matching well with experimental values. The analytical ground state deuteron wave-function (DWF) is obtained by utilizing the experimental value for Quadrupole moment. Other static properties and form factors determined from obtained DWF are found to be in close agreement with experimental ones.Comment: 29 pages, 5 Figures, 8 Table

Determination of Nonlinear Refractive Index of Zinc Phthalocyanine by Pump Induced Fizeau Interferometry

Experimental measurement of intense light induced refractive index is demonstrated using Fizeau interferometer. Refractive index is induced in a specific region of the sample with intense light pulse of a linearly polarized, Q- switched Nd:YAG laser at 1064nm wavelength. The respective change in optical path difference (OPD) is measured using Fizeau interferometer. The OPD so obtained is mapped in terms of change in refractive index in the area of interaction of pump beam and sample. The measured induced refractive index is then used to calculate thermo-optic coefficient of the ZnPc embedded polymeric sample

Surface Chemical and Settling Studies on Hematite, Quartz and Kaolinite in Presence of Organic Reagents

The industrial practice of beneficiation of iron ores produces substantial amount of slimes which causes loss of iron values and environmental pollution. Slimes consists of extremely fine grained iron bearing minerals, impurities and poses problem in processing by conventional beneficiation techniques. The present study aims to develop flocculation technique for selective separation of iron bearing mineral from slimes. Initial experiments were directed towards understanding surface chemical properties of constituent minerals viz. hematite, quartz and kaolinite with or without organic reagents such as tannic acid, starch and polyacrylamide-co-acrylic acid (m.w.-150 lakh). In this paper, the results of flocculation-dispersion experiments on individual samples of hematite, quartz and kaolinite are discussed as a function of different process parameters such as pH, flocculation time and dosages of reagents. Based on the studies, conditions were established for selective separation of hematite from quartz and kaolinite. The results of flocculation-dispersion of individual minerals were applied to ternary synthetic mineral system