Evaluation of biofilm and enterotoxin producing capacity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from healthy persons

This study is aimed at investigating biofilm and enterotoxin producing capacity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from nostrils of healthy students of Delta State University Oleh campus. Three hundred (300) nasal samples were collected using sterile swab stick and the isolates were identified using relevant biochemical tests. Determination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was carried out with the aid of Oxacillin sensitivity disc to test the presence of penicillin binding protein2a (PBP2a). The Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates were screened to determine their biofilm producing ability using crystal binding assay. Latex agglutination test was carried out to detect the presence of enterotoxins among the MRSA isolates. The incidence of MRSA colonization among healthy individuals in the community of the S. aureus isolated was 47 (48.9%). Enterotoxins B was mostly detected, only three Enterotoxin C were detected. All the MRSA isolates tested for the presence of biofilm showed positive results. It has been observed that MRSAs are capable of producing biofilms and enterotoxins which pose the risk antibiotic resistance and human Staphylococci toxicity.Keywords: Enterotoxins, Biofilm, Staphylococcus aureu

Microbiological Evaluation of some Oral Antacid Suspensions Sold in Delta State, Nigeria

Pharmaceutical products (non-sterile) are faced with the challenges of not exceeding the minimum limit of microbial presence tolerated for the respective formulations. Antacid suspensions which are multi-dose drug products that are utilized in the neutralization of gastric acid. This drug with neutral pH makes them to be liable to microbial contamination. This study was conducted to evaluate antacid suspensions marketed in Delta State, Nigeria based on their microbial quality. Six different brands of antacid suspensions were collected from different Pharmacies in Delta state and were analysed microbiologically to isolate and quantify the implicated bacteria and fungi using conventional cultural and biochemical techniques. The microbiological evaluation of these samples was determined using the agar-well diffusion method. Five out of the six brands evaluated were found to be populated with a hugenumber of bacteria (2.5 x 102 to > 2.2 x 102 CFU/ml) and fungi (2 x 102 to 8 x 102 CFU/ml). Staphylococcus aureus was absent in any of the antacids brands studied. However, there were presence of objectionable microorganisms, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans in three of the six brands. The results of this study reveal the microbial contamination level of some of the antacid (suspensions)  marketed in Delta State which may be due to poor adherence to current good manufacturing practice by the manufacturers. Keywords: Antacid suspensions, Microorganisms, Microbiological quality, Brands

Antibacterial activity of the ethanoic leaf extract of Bryophyullum pinnatum (Crassulaceae) on selected gram positive and negative bacteria

Background: Bryophyullum pinnatum is a resurrection plant and a significant source of folkloric medicine. Besides being sweet in post digestive effect and hot potency its usefulness as antibacterial agent is yet to be explored.Aim: We assessed the antibacterial activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Bryophyullum pinnatum obtained from botanical garden of phaermacognosy department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta State University,Abraka.Methods: Four different bacteria isolates; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes collected from the Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Delta State University, Abraka were used for the study. The leaf samples of Bryophyullum pinnatum was exracted using cold maceration method with ethanol as solvent. The antibacterial activity was carried out by dilution technique.Results: The extract exhibited antibacterial activity with zones of inhibition ranging from 6mm – 2mm. The zones of inhibition obtained for Streptococcus pyogene was 6mm – 3mm. Pseudomonas aeruginosa 5mm -2mm, Staphylococcus aureus 6mm – 4mm and Escherichia coli 6mm – 3.5mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ethanolic extract obtained for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aurues was 7.81mg/ml each, Streptococcus pyogenes 15.63mg/ml and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3.90mg/ml.Conclusion: The results further confirm the use of Bryophyullum pinnatum leaves for bacteria chemotherapy.Keywords: Antibacterial, leaf extract, ethanol, Bryophyullum pinnatu