Bovine Neutrophils Release Extracellular Traps and Cooperate With Macrophages in Mycobacterium Avium Subsp. Paratuberculosis Clearance In Vitro

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) is the underlying pathogen causing bovine paratuberculosis (PTB), an enteric granulomatous disease that mainly affects ruminants and for which an effective treatment is needed. Macrophages are the primary target cells for Map, which survives and replicates intracellularly by inhibiting phagosome maturation. Neutrophils are present at disease sites during the early stages of the infection, but seem to be absent in the late stage, in contrast to healthy tissue. Although neutrophil activity has been reported to be impaired following Map infection, their role in PTB pathogenesis has not been fully defined. Neutrophils are capable of releasing extracellular traps consisting of extruded DNA and proteins that immobilize and kill microorganisms, but this mechanism has not been evaluated against Map. Our main objective was to study the interaction of neutrophils with macrophages during an in vitro mycobacterial infection. For this purpose, neutrophils and macrophages from the same animal were cultured alone or together in the presence of Map or Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus-Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Extracellular trap release, mycobacteria killing as well as IL-1 beta and IL-8 release were assessed. Neutrophils released extracellular traps against mycobacteria when cultured alone and in the presence of macrophages without direct cell contact, but resulted inhibited in direct contact. Macrophages were extremely efficient at killing BCG, but ineffective at killing Map. In contrast, neutrophils showed similar killing rates for both mycobacteria. Co-cultures infected with Map showed the expected killing effect of combining both cell types, whereas co-cultures infected with BCG showed a potentiated killing effect beyond the expected one, indicating a potential synergistic cooperation. In both cases, IL-1 beta and IL-8 levels were lower in co-cultures, suggestive of a reduced inflammatory reaction. These data indicate that cooperation of both cell types can be beneficial in terms of decreasing the inflammatory reaction while the effective elimination of Map can be compromised. These results suggest that neutrophils are effective at Map killing and can exert protective mechanisms against Map that seem to fail during PTB disease after the arrival of macrophages at the infection siteFunding was provided by Spanish central government and Basque research project PROBAK (RTA 2017-00089-00-00) and by the Departamento de Economia e Infraestructuras of the Basque Government. IL-A held a predoctoral grant from Departamento de Economia e Infraestructuras of the Basque Government (2017) and was granted an EMBO short-term fellowship (8407) and a FEMS research and training grant (FEMS-GO-2019-507). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publicatio

Oral vaccination stimulates neutrophil functionality and exerts protection in a Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection model

Abstract Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) causes paratuberculosis (PTB), a granulomatous enteritis in ruminants that exerts high economic impact on the dairy industry worldwide. Current vaccines have shown to be cost-effective against Map and in some cases confer beneficial non-specific effects against other pathogens suggesting the existence of trained immunity. Although Map infection is mainly transmitted by the fecal-oral route, oral vaccination has not been deeply studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the oral route with a set of mycobacterial and non-mycobacterial vaccines with a subcutaneously administered commercially available vaccine. Training effects on polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and homologous and heterologous in vivo protection against Map were investigated in the rabbit infection model. Oral vaccination with inactivated or live vaccines was able to activate mucosal immunity as seen by elevation of serum IgA and the expression of IL4 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In addition, peripheral PMN phagocytosis against Map was enhanced by vaccination and extracellular trap release against Map and non-related pathogens was modified by both, vaccination and Map-challenge, indicating trained immunity. Finally, PBMCs from vaccinated animals stimulated in vitro with Map antigens showed a rapid innate activation cytokine profile. In conclusion, our data show that oral vaccination against PTB can stimulate neutrophil activity and both innate and adaptive immune responses that correlate with protection.The research was funded by the Department of Economy, Sustainability and Environment of the Basque Government and by grant RTA 2017-00089-00-00 of the National Institute for Agronomic Research (INIA) to N.E. I.L.-A. and M.O. both held predoctoral fellowships from the DEI of the Basque Government. This research was also partly supported by the Agriculture Funding Consortium members Alberta Agriculture and Forestry and Alberta Milk (2018F019R) to J.D.B. CIC bioGUNE thanks the Ministry of Science and Innovation for the Severo Ochoa excellence award (SEV-2016-0644

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) Microbiome is Not Affected by Colon Microbiota in Healthy Goats

BACKGROUND: The knowledge about blood circulating microbiome and its functional relevance in healthy individuals remains limited. An assessment of changes in the circulating microbiome was performed by sequencing peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) bacterial DNA from goats supplemented or not in early life with rumen liquid transplantation. RESULTS: Most of the bacterial DNA associated to PBMC was identified predominantly as Proteobacteria (55%) followed by Firmicutes (24%), Bacteroidetes (11%) and Actinobacteria (8%). The predominant genera found in PBMC samples were Pseudomonas, Prevotella, Sphingomonas, Acinetobacter, Corynebacterium and Ruminococcus. Other genera such as Butyrivibrivio, Bifidobacterium, Dorea and Coprococcus were also present in lower proportions. Several species known as blood pathogens or others involved in gut homeostasis such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii were also identified. However, the PBMC microbiome phylum composition differed from that in the colon of goats (P≤0.001), where Firmicutes was the predominant phylum (83%). Although, rumen liquid administration in early-life altered bacterial community structure and increased Tlr5 expression (P=0.020) in colon pointing to higher bacterial translocation, less than 8% of OTUs in colon were also observed in PBMCs. CONCLUSIONS: Data suggest that in physiological conditions, PBMC microbiome differs from and is not affected by colon gut microbiota in small ruminants. Although, further studies with larger number of animals and covering other animal tissues are required, results point to a common circulating bacterial profile on mammals being phylum Proteobacteria, and genera Pseudomonas and Prevotella the most abundants. All suggest that PBMC microbiome in healthy ruminants could be implicated in homeostatic condition. This study expands our knowledge about PBMC microbiome contribution to health in farm animals.This work was supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCI) co-financed with FEDER funds [AGL2017-86757- to LA, AGL2017-86938-R to DRY]. Other contributions were SAF2015-65327-R to JA and SAF2015-73549-JIN to HR. LA is a Ramón y Cajal fellow [RYC-2013-13666] from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. APC is a recipient of a fellowship from the University of the Basque Country. We thank the MCI for the Severo Ochoa Excellence accreditation (SEV-2016-0644) and the Basque Department of Industry, Tourism and Trade (Etortek and Elkartek programs

Mitochondrial complex I dysfunction alters the balance of soluble and membrane-bound TNF during chronic experimental colitis.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex, chronic, relapsing and heterogeneous disease induced by environmental, genomic, microbial and immunological factors. MCJ is a mitochondrial protein that regulates the metabolic status of macrophages and their response to translocated bacteria. Previously, an acute murine model of DSS-induced colitis showed increased disease severity due to MCJ deficiency. Unexpectedly, we now show that MCJ-deficient mice have augmented tumor necrosis factor alpha converting enzyme (TACE) activity in the context of chronic inflammation. This adaptative change likely affects the balance between soluble and transmembrane TNF and supports the association of the soluble form and a milder phenotype. Interestingly, the general shifts in microbial composition previously observed during acute inflammation were absent in the chronic model of inflammation in MCJ-deficient mice. However, the lack of the mitochondrial protein resulted in increased alpha diversity and the reduction in critical microbial members associated with inflammation, such as Ruminococcus gnavus, which could be associated with TACE activity. These results provide evidence of the dynamic metabolic adaptation of the colon tissue to chronic inflammatory changes mediated by the control of mitochondrial function

Aspergillus fumigatus Fumagillin Contributes to Host Cell Damage

The activity of fumagillin, a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus fumigatus, has not been studied in depth. In this study, we used a commercial fumagillin on cultures of two cell types (A549 pneumocytes and RAW 264.7 macrophages). This toxin joins its target, MetAP2 protein, inside cells and, as a result, significantly reduces the electron chain activity, the migration, and the proliferation ability on the A549 cells, or affects the viability and proliferation ability of the RAW 264.7 macrophages. However, the toxin stimulates the germination and double branch hypha production of fungal cultures, pointing out an intrinsic resistant mechanism to fumagillin of fungal strains. In this study, we also used a fumagillin non-producer A. fumigatus strain (∆fmaA) as well as its complemented strain (∆fmaA::fmaA) and we tested the fumagillin secretion of the fungal strains using an Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) method. Furthermore, fumagillin seems to protect the fungus against phagocytosis in vitro, and during in vivo studies using infection of immunosuppressed mice, a lower fungal burden in the lungs of mice infected with the ∆fmaA mutant was demonstrated.This research was funded by the Basque Government: grant number IT1362-19. X.G. and S.C.-S. received a Ph.D. fellowship from the Basque Government; and U.P.-C. from the University of the Basque Country

miR-873-5p targets mitochondrial GNMT-Complex II interface contributing to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Objective: Non-alcoholic fatly liver disease (NAFLD) is a complex pathology in which several dysfunctions, including alterations in metabolic pathways, mitochondrial functionality and unbalanced lipid import/export, lead to lipid accumulation and progression to inflammation and fibrosis. The enzyme glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT), the most important enzyme implicated in S-adenosylmethionine catabolism in the liver, is downregulated during NAFLD progression. We have studied the mechanism involved in GNMT downregulation by its repressor microRNA miR-873-5p and the metabolic pathways affected in NAFLD as well as the benefit of recovery GNMT expression. Methods: miR-873-5p and GNMT expression were evaluated in liver biopsies of NAFLD/NASH patients. Different in vitro and in vivo NAFLD murine models were used to assess miR-873-5p/GNMT involvement in fatty liver progression through targeting of the miR-873-5p as NAFLD therapy. Results: We describe a new function of GNMT as an essential regulator of Complex II activity in the electron transport chain in the mitochondria. In NAFLD, GNMT expression is controlled by miR-873-5p in the hepatocytes, leading to disruptions in mitochondria! functionality in a preclinical murine non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) model. Upregulation of miR-873-5p is shown in the liver of NAFLD/NASH patients, correlating with hepatic GNMT depletion. Importantly, NASH therapies based on anti-miR-873-5p resolve lipid accumulation, inflammation and fibrosis by enhancing fatty acid beta-oxidation in the mitochondria. Therefore, miR-873-5p inhibitor emerges as a potential tool for NASH treatment. Conclusion: GNMT participates in the regulation of metabolic pathways and mitochondria! functionality through the regulation of Complex II activity in the electron transport chain. In NAFLD, GNMT is repressed by miR-873-5p and its targeting arises as a valuable therapeutic option for treatment. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.This work was supported by grants from NIH (US Department of Health and Human services)-R01AT001576 (to S.C.L., J.M.M., and M.L.M.-C.), Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad: SAF2017-87301-R (to M.L.M.-C.), SAF2015-64352-R (to P.A.), Gobierno Vasco-Departamento de Salud 2013111114 (to M.L.M.-C.), Gobierno Vasco-Departamento de Educacion IT-336-10 (to PA), BIOEF (Basque Foundation for Innovation and Health Research: EiTB Maratoia BIO15/CA/016/BD (M.L.M.-C.), ELKARTEK 2016, Departamento de Industria del Gobierno Vasco (to M.L.M.-C), Asociacion Espanola contra el Cancer (to T.C.D., P.F.-T. and M.L.M.-C.), Mitotherapeutix (to M.L.M.-C.), Daniel Alagille award from EASL (to T.C.D), Fundacion Cientifica de la Asociacion Espanola Contra el Cancer (AECC Scientific Foundation) Rare Tumor Calls 2017 (to M.L.M.-C.), La Caixa Foundation Program (to M.L.M.-C.), Ayudas Fundacion BBVA a Equipos de Investigacion Cientifica 2019 (to M.L.M.-C.). Ciberehd_ISCIII_MINECO is funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III. We thank this work produced with the support of a 2017 Leonardo Grant for Researchers and Cultural Creators, BBVA Foundation (to M.V.R.). This work was supported by Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (C12/BM/3975937, FL/997/7-1, Inter "HepmiRSTAT", to I.B. and F.L.). We thank MINECO for the Severo Ochoa Excellence Accreditation (SEV2016-0644)

An in vitro analysis of the interaction between infliximab and granulocyte–monocyte apheresis

Objetivo La falta de respuesta primaria y la pérdida de respuesta secundaria a los agentes antifactor de necrosis tumoral (TNF) son comunes en la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal. El aumento de los niveles de fármaco se correlaciona con una mejor respuesta clínica y de las tasas de remisión. La combinación de la aféresis selectiva de granulocitos y monocitos (GMA) con agentes anti-TNF podría ser una opción en estos pacientes. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue realizar un ensayo in vitro para determinar si el dispositivo de GMA puede interaccionar con infliximab (IFX). Pacientes y métodos Se obtuvo una muestra de sangre de un control sano. Se incubó con 3 concentraciones de IFX (3, 6 y 9 μg/ml) a temperatura ambiente durante 10 minutos. En ese momento, se recogió 1 ml para determinar la concentración de IFX. Luego, se incubaron 10 ml de cada concentración de fármaco con 5 ml de cuentas de acetato de celulosa del dispositivo GMA a 200 rpm durante una hora a 37 °C para simular las condiciones fisiológicas humanas. Se recogió una segunda muestra de cada concentración y se determinaron los niveles de IFX. Resultados No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los niveles de IFX en las muestras de sangre antes y después de la incubación con las cuentas de acetato de celulosa (p = 0,41) ni tras mediciones repetidas (p = 0,31). La media de cambio fue de 3,8 μg/ml. Conclusiones La combinación in vitro de IFX y GMA no modificó los niveles circulantes del fármaco en las 3 concentraciones probadas, lo que indica que no existe interacción entre el fármaco y el dispositivo de aféresis in vitro y que podrían combinarse de forma segura.This work was supported by the Research Committee from Hospital Universitario de Galdakao. IR-L is supported by a research grant from Gobierno Vasco – Eusko Jaurlaritza (grant number 2020111061) and Biobizkaia (BCB/I/LIB/22/008). The apheresis column and Promonitor kit were kindly provided by Adacyte and Progenika Biopharma, neither of them were involved on study design nor interpretation of the results

Development of synthetic, self-adjuvanting, and self-assembling anticancer vaccines based on a minimal saponin adjuvant and the tumor- associated MUC1 antigen

The overexpression of aberrantly glycosylated tumor-associated mucin-1 (TA-MUC1) in human cancers makes it a major target for the development of anticancer vaccines derived from synthetic MUC1-(glyco) peptide antigens. However, glycopeptide-based subunit vaccines are weakly immunogenic, requiring adjuvants and/or additional immunopotentiating approaches to generate optimal immune responses. Among these strategies, unimolecular self-adjuvanting vaccine constructs that do not need coadministration of adjuvants or conjugation to carrier proteins emerge as a promising but still underexploited approach. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, immune-evaluation in mice, and NMR studies of new, self-adjuvanting and self-assembling vaccines based on our QS-21-derived minimal adjuvant platform covalently linked to TA-MUC1-(glyco)peptide antigens and a peptide helper T-cell epitope. We have developed a modular, chemoselective strategy that harnesses two distal attachment points on the saponin adjuvant to conjugate the respective components in unprotected form and high yields via orthogonal ligations. In mice, only tri-component candidates but not unconjugated or di- component combinations induced significant TA-MUC1-specific IgG antibodies able to recognize the TA-MUC1 on cancer cells. NMR studies revealed the formation of self-assembled aggregates, in which the more hydrophilic TA-MUC1 moiety gets exposed to the solvent, favoring B-cell recognition. While dilution of the di-component saponin–(Tn)MUC1 constructs resulted in partial aggregate disruption, this was not observed for the more stably-organized tri-component candidates. This higher structural stability in solution correlates with their increased immunogenicity and suggests a longer half-life of the construct in physiological media, which together with the enhanced antigen multivalent presentation enabled by the particulate self-assembly, points to this self-adjuvanting tri-component vaccine as a promising synthetic candidate for further development.Funding from the European Research Council (ERC-2016-STG-716878 to A. F.-T.; ERC-2017-AdG-788143 to J. J. B.) and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation MCIN/AEI (PID2020-117911RB-I00, CTQ2017-87530-R, RYC-2015-17888 to A. F.-T.; RTI2018-096494-B-100 to J. A.; RTI2018-094751-B-C21 to J. J. B) is gratefully acknowledged. We thank Felix Elortza and Ibon Iloro from the CIC bioGUNE Proteomics Platform and Javier Calvo from the CIC biomaGUNE Mass Spectrometry Platform for their support with MALDI and HRMS analyses. A. F. T. thanks Raquel Fernandez for inspiration

Microglial immune response is impaired against the neurotropic fungus Lomentospora prolificans

Lomentospora (Scedosporium) prolificans is an opportunistic pathogen capable of causing invasive infections in immunocompromised patients. The fungus is able to disseminate via the bloodstream finally arriving at the central nervous system producing neurological symptoms and, in many cases, patient death. In this context, microglial cells, which are the resident immune cells in the central nervous system, may play an important role in these infections. However, this aspect of anti-L. prolificans immunity has been poorly researched to date. Thus, the interactions and activity of microglial cells against L. prolificans were analysed, and the results show that there was a remarkable impairment in their performance regarding phagocytosis, the development of oxidative burst, and in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, compared with macrophages. Interestingly, L. prolificans displays great growth also when challenged with immune cells, even when inside them. We also proved that microglial phagocytosis of the fungus is highly dependent on mannose receptor and especially on dectin-1. Taken together, these data provide evidence for an impaired microglial response against L. prolificans and contribute to understanding the pathobiology of its neurotropism.This work has been supported by grants (GIU15/36, UFI11/25, and PPG17/41) from the UPV/EHU and SAF2016‐75292‐R from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (MINECO). I. B. and A. A. are recipients of predoctoral grants from the Basque Government (GV/EJ)