Peranan Lingkungan Terhadap Kejadian Malaria Di Kecamatan Silian Raya Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara

: Malaria, an infectious disease, is still an issue for public health world-wide, including in Indonesia. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium Sp. which is transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito. Southeast Minahasa Regency has high malaria rate. This study aimed to know the role of the environment on the incidence of malaria in Silian Raya subdistrict, Southeast Minahasa regency. This was a descriptive survey. The population was the community in Silian Raya subdistrict, Southeast Minahasa regency with 194 respondents. The results showed that people in Silian Raya subdistrict mostly live around swamps, rice paddies, and rivers. This study also showed that only a few people of Silian Raya subdistrict who had pets, and fish ponds around their houses

Deteksi Transmisi Virus Dengue Pada Nyamuk Wild Aedes Aegypti Betina Di Kota Manado

: Dengue hemorrhagic fever is an acute disease with clinical manifestations of hemorrhage caused by dengue virus infection. Manado is endemic dengue. Dengue virus has the ability to maintain its existence in nature through horizontal and vertical transmission. There are several ways to detect the dengue virus by Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry Streptavidin Biotin Peroxidase Complex (ISBPC). This research aims to determine the wild Aedes aegypti population in Manado and to detect dengue virus in wild mosquito Aedes aegypti by ISBPC methods. This was a descriptive survey study with a cross sectional design to describe the transmission of dengue virus in wild mosquito Aedes aegypti in the city of Manado. The results showed that there were 5 wild Aedes aegypti mosquitoes positive for dengue virus, and 36 wild Aedes aegypti mosquitoes negative containing dengue virus. Conclusion: Of the 41 samples immunohistochemistry tested, 5 samples showed dengue virus transmission in wild mosquito Aedes aegypti in Manado which is a positive possibility of horizontal transmission

Kecacingan Usus Pada Anak Sekolah Dasar Di Tanawangko Kecamatan Tombariri Kabupaten Minahasa

: Helminth is one of the most commonly infected parasites in human. According to WHO, more than 1,5 billions of people around the world are infected by helminthes. The highest number of helminthiasis cases is of school age children. This study was aimed to obtain the helminthiasis cases in students of elementary schools at Tanawangko Minahasa and to identify the types of helmiths. This was a descriptive study. Feces samples from the students were kept in feces pot and then were examined microscopically. The results showed that of the 118 feces samples there were five samples (4.3%) which were positively infected by helminth, Ascaris lumbricoides

Peran Sarana Pelayanan Kesehatan Terhadap Kejadian Malaria Di Kecamatan Silian Raya Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara

: The problem of public health, especially in developing coutries such as Indonesia, is based on the physical aspects such as health facilities, the treatment of disease, and non physical aspects related to the health problem. Malaria is still a public health problem because it often creates exrtraordinary events, which has great impact on quality on life and economy, and may result death. The main keys of reducing the incidence of malaria especially in high endemic areas are prevention and treatment. This study aimed to determine the role of health care facilities on the incidence of malaria in Silian Raya sub-district of Southheast Minahasa district. This was a descriptive survey study. The population was the community in Silian Raya sub-district of Southeast Minahasa district with total samples 194 respondents. The results showed that the counseling done by health workers was at the most 2 times (39.2%). Spraying insecticide by health workers was 1 time (41.8%). People that used the available health care facilities in Silian Raya sub-district, the health center, were 51.0%

Entropy and equilibrium state of free market models

Many recent models of trade dynamics use the simple idea of wealth exchanges among economic agents in order to obtain a stable or equilibrium distribution of wealth among the agents. In particular, a plain analogy compares the wealth in a society with the energy in a physical system, and the trade between agents to the energy exchange between molecules during collisions. In physical systems, the energy exchange among molecules leads to a state of equipartition of the energy and to an equilibrium situation where the entropy is a maximum. On the other hand, in the majority of exchange models, the system converges to a very unequal condensed state, where one or a few agents concentrate all the wealth of the society while the wide majority of agents shares zero or almost zero fraction of the wealth. So, in those economic systems a minimum entropy state is attained. We propose here an analytical model where we investigate the effects of a particular class of economic exchanges that minimize the entropy. By solving the model we discuss the conditions that can drive the system to a state of minimum entropy, as well as the mechanisms to recover a kind of equipartition of wealth

Liquid Xenon Detectors for Positron Emission Tomography

PET is a functional imaging technique based on detection of annihilation photons following beta decay producing positrons. In this paper, we present the concept of a new PET system for preclinical applications consisting of a ring of twelve time projection chambers filled with liquid xenon viewed by avalanche photodiodes. Simultaneous measurement of ionization charge and scintillation light leads to a significant improvement to spatial resolution, image quality, and sensitivity. Simulated performance shows that an energy resolution of <10% (FWHM) and a sensitivity of 15% are achievable. First tests with a prototype TPC indicate position resolution <1 mm (FWHM).Comment: Paper presented at the International Nuclear Physics Conference, Vancouver, Canada, 201

An statistical analysis of stratification and inequity in the income distribution

The analysis of the USA 2001 income distribution shows that it can be described by at least two main components, which obey the generalized Tsallis statistics with different values of the q parameter. Theoretical calculations using the gas kinetics model with a distributed saving propensity factor and two ensembles reproduce the empirical data and provide further information on the structure of the distribution, which shows a clear stratification. This stratification is amenable to different interpretations, which are analyzed. The distribution function is invariant with the average individual income, which implies that the inequity of the distribution cannot be modified by increasing the total income.Comment: 22 pages, 3 figure

Yard-Sale exchange on networks: Wealth sharing and wealth appropriation

Yard-Sale (YS) is a stochastic multiplicative wealth-exchange model with two phases: a stable one where wealth is shared, and an unstable one where wealth condenses onto one agent. YS is here studied numerically on 1d rings, 2d square lattices, and random graphs with variable average coordination, comparing its properties with those in mean field (MF). Equilibrium properties in the stable phase are almost unaffected by the introduction of a network. Measurement of decorrelation times in the stable phase allow us to determine the critical interface with very good precision, and it turns out to be the same, for all networks analyzed, as the one that can be analytically derived in MF. In the unstable phase, on the other hand, dynamical as well as asymptotic properties are strongly network-dependent. Wealth no longer condenses on a single agent, as in MF, but onto an extensive set of agents, the properties of which depend on the network. Connections with previous studies of coalescence of immobile reactants are discussed, and their analytic predictions are successfully compared with our numerical results.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures. Submitted to JSTA

Rheolytic Thrombectomy with or without Adjunctive Indwelling Pharmacolysis in Patients Presenting with Acute Pulmonary Embolism Presenting with Right Heart Strain and/or Pulseless Electrical Activity

Purpose. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the Possis rheolytic thrombectomy with or without indwelling catheter-directed pharmacolysis for the treatment of massive pulmonary embolus in patients presenting with right heart strain and/or a pulseless electrical activity (PEA). Materials and Methods. Retrospective review of patients undergoing pulmonary pharmacolysis was performed (07/2004–06/2009). Pre- and posttreatment Miller index scoring weres calculated and compared. Patients were evaluated for tPA doses, ICU stay, hospital stay, and survival by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results. 11 patients with massive PE were found, with 10/11 presenting with a Miller score of >17 (range: 16–27, mean: 23.2). CTPA and/or echocardiographic evidence of right heart strain was found in 10/11 patients. 3 (27%) patients presented with a PEA event. Two (18%) patients had a contraindication to pharmacolysis and were treated with mechanical thrombectomy alone. The intraprocedural mortality was 9% (n = 1/11). Of the 10 patients who survived the initial treatment, 7 patients underwent standard mechanical thrombectomy initially, while 5 received power pulse spray mechanical thrombectomy. Eight of these 10 patients underwent adjunctive indwelling catheter-directed thrombolysis. The mean catheter-directed infusion duration was 18 hours (range of 12–26 hours). The average intraprocedural, infusion, and total doses of tPA were 7 mg, 19.7 mg, and 26.7 mg, respectively. There was a 91% (10/11) technical success rate. The failure was the single mortality. Average reduction in Miller score was 9.5 or 41% (P = 0.009), obstructive index of 6.4 or 47% (P = 0.03), and perfusion index of 2.7 or 28% (P = 0.05). Average ICU and hospital stay were 7.4 days (range 2–27 days) and 21.3 days (range 6–60 days), respectively. Intent to treat survival was 90% at 6, 12, and 18 months. Conclusion. Rheolytic thrombectomy with or without adjunctive catheter-directed thrombolysis provides a safe and effective method for treatment of acute PE in patients who present with right heart strain and/or a PEA event