Medium lactate and L-alanine in the 3-way cultures in FS, PARS, D1 and D2 conditions.

<p>A) Lactate variations over time. B) Changes in medium lactate concentration with respect to initial media concentration at 48 H (* = p<0.05 vs. FS; ** = p<0.05 vs. D1). C) L-alanine variations over time. D) Changes in medium L-alanine concentration with respect to initial media concentration at 48 H (* = p<0.01 vs. D1). In all cases time 0 represents the levels of metabolites in fresh media. Data are expressed as means ± SD (3≤n≤6). Error bars represent the standard deviation.</p

Star plot of measured metabolites in fasting state conditions at 48 H.

<p>A) Fractional variation in metabolite concentrations for 1-way dynamic cultures of AT, EC and HEP (data published in ref. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0034704#pone.0034704-Vinci2" target="_blank">[18]</a>). B) Fractional variation in metabolite concentrations for 2-way (AT+EC) connected culture and 3-way (AT+EC+HEP) connected culture. GLU (glucose), GLY (glycerol), LAC (lactate), ALA (L-alanine), E-SEL (E-selectin) (data partially published in ref <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0034704#pone.0034704-Vinci1" target="_blank">[12]</a>).</p

Glucose, FFA and glycerol in the 3-way cultures in FS, PARS, D1 and D2 conditions.

<p>A) Glucose variations over time. B) Changes in medium glucose concentration with respect to initial media concentration at 48 H (* = p<0.05 vs. D1). C) FFA variations over time. D) Changes in medium FFA concentration with respect to initial media concentration at 48 H (* = p<0.05 vs. FS; ** = p<0.05 vs. D1). E) Glycerol variations over time. F) Changes in medium glycerol concentration with respect to initial media concentration at 48 H (* = p<0.05 vs. D1). In all cases time 0 represents the levels of metabolites in fresh media. Data are expressed as means ± SD (3≤n≤6). Error bars represent the standard deviation.</p

Schematic of the 3-way connected culture.

<p>QV is the low shear Quasi-Vivo chamber for hepatocytes and adipose tissue and LFC is the high shear laminar flow chamber for endothelial cells. The flow rate used was 250 µL/min. Total circuit volume is 15 mL, with 3 mL of priming volume per chamber and associated tubing and 6 mL in the mixing chamber and pump.</p

Dexamethasone deleterious in cerebral malaria.

Additional file 1. Supplemental data on cholesterol efflux capacity and bioimpedance vector analysis

Research on non-timber forest products in selected countries in Southern and East Africa: themes, research issues, priorities and constraints

In this paper, the outcomes of a consultative meeting on non-timber forest products are reported and discussed. The meeting was organised by CIFOR and IUCN's Eastern Africa Regional Office on 15 and 16 September 1995 in Nairobi, Kenya, with the aim of discussing research priorities and information gaps related to non-timber forest products. The workshop brought together 11 people, representing forest research institutions, NGOs and other organisations involved in research related to non-timber forest products. The countries represented were Malawi, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia. During the meeting priority themes and issues were identified. These relate to management systems, policy and institutions, and community roles and social dimensions. Priority constraints include lack of personnel with appropriate expertise, inadequate financial resources, and insufficient data and information. A large number of solutions to overcome these constraints was discussed. It is concluded that since the main relevance of non-timber forest products in Southern and East Africa is at the local and subsistence level, an elaboration of the results of the meeting into workable research questions and methods should be defined at that level in an iterative process of action research, involving researchers and local users and managers of the forest. The meeting can be considered as a first, though authoritative, approximation of the needs in research on non-timber forest products in the region. It was agreed that elaboration of the findings of the meeting into specific action would be the only useful next step

Pro-inflammatory markers at 24h.

<p>a) Changes in IL-6 concentration in 1-, 2- and 3-way connected cultures as a function of adiposity; b) Changes in MCP-1 concentration in 1-2- and 3-way connected cultures as a function of adiposity. * = p<0.05 (n = 3 independent experiments for data each point).</p

Change in metabolite concentrations with respect to fresh media after 24h.

<p>a) Triglycerides (TRG); b) Glycerol; c) FFAs; d) Human albumin (HA). For a), b), and c) the change AT content in 1-, 2- and 3-way cultures was compared within the same group, * = p<0.05. For d) the control is a 1-way hepatocyte culture. * = p<0.05 with respect to the corresponding 1-way control (n = 3 independent experiments for data each point).</p

Endothelial-specific markers at 24h.

<p>a) Changes in E-selectin concentration in 3-way connected cultures and in HUVEC-1-way control. * = p<0.0001 with respect to control; b) Relative vWF fluorescence intensity in 3-way connected cultures and HUVEC-1-way controls. * = p<0.05 with respect to the corresponding LPS-free 1-way control (n = 3 independent experiments for data each point).</p

Change in glucose, lactate and urea at 24 h.

<p>a) Glucose; b) Lactate; c) Urea. In all cases the change AT content in 1-, 2- and 3-way cultures was compared within the same group, * = p<0.05.</p