Rarefaction analysis of 16 S rRNA gene sequences obtained from fecal swabs from foals.

<p>Lines represent the average of each vaccination group at all ages (panel A) or at 30 days only (panel B), while the error bars represent the standard deviations. The analysis was performed on a randomly selected subset of 1,300 sequences per sample and included samples from 42 foals. Note that both the greatest and least number of species observed occurred among foals that received no enteral bacteria (live or inactivated), indicating an absence of evidence of treatment effect. Control  =  control plus CTB group; Control_no_CTO  =  control without CTB group; High  =  high-dose inactivated <i>R. equi</i> group; Live  =  live <i>R. equi</i> group; Low  =  low-dose inactivated <i>R. equi</i> group.</p

Median and range percentages of sequences represented in the fecal DNA of rectal swab samples from foals (Phylum, class, order, and family).

<p>Fecal swab samples were collected from 37 Quarter Horse foals on days 2 and 30 of life. *P values represent the results of Wilcoxon sign-rank tests for paired differences, adjusted by the method of Hochberg. NP  =  Not Performed.</p

Results of qPCR analysis.

<p>Median (range) of log DNA. *P value for Wilcoxon rank-sum test comparing differences between ages day 30 and day 2, adjusted by the method of Hochberg.</p

Median and range proportion of foals with sequences detected in the fecal DNA of rectal swab samples (Phylum, class, order, and family).

<p>Fecal swab samples collected from 37 Quarter Horse foals on days 2 and 30 of life. *P values represent the results of McNemar’s test for paired dichotomous data, adjusted by the method of Hochberg. NP  =  Not Performed.</p

Summary of alpha diversity measures.

<p>Summary of alpha diversity measures.</p

Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of unweighted UniFrac distances of 16 S rRNA genes.

<p>Analysis for 42 foals in groups control with CTB (red square), control without CTB (yellow triangle), low-dose inactivated <i>R. equi</i> (dark blue triangle), high-dose inactivated <i>R. equi</i> 2 (green dot), and live <i>R. equi</i> (light blue triangle) at 30 days of age only. Differences among groups were not significant (ANOSIM, P = 0.449). The 3 panels represent the comparison of the first 2 principal components (A), the second and third principal components (B), and the first and third principal components (C).</p

Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of unweighted UniFrac distances of 16 S rRNA genes.

<p>Analysis for 42 foals in groups control with CTB (red square), control without CTB (yellow triangle), low-dose inactivated <i>R. equi</i> (dark blue triangle), high-dose inactivated <i>R. equi</i> 2 (green dot), and live <i>R. equi</i> (light blue triangle) at 2 and 30 days of age (ANOSIM, P = 0.236). The 3 panels represent the comparison of the first 2 principal components (A), the second and third principal components (B), and the first and third principal components (C). The pattern in the panel A is attributable to effects of age (please see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0066640#pone-0066640-g004" target="_blank">Figures 4</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0066640#pone-0066640-g005" target="_blank">5</a>).</p

Comparison of current undergraduate training future biology teachers in selected countries

In most of the countries all over the world, one can find governmental resorts (ministries) focused on education in the given country. The agenda of these ministries is, among other things, the education of those who are supposed to educate others, in other words, pedagogical workers or teachers. Teachers are the fundamental functional unit in education which is why there ought to be a special emphasis placed upon their education and preparation. Unless the society has sufficiently qualified teachers, it cannot expect any excellent results in education, even though there are some other factors involved as well. The main concern of this bachelor thesis lies on teachers' education, mainly biology teachers: what is the lowest possible education needed and how many years must a future teacher study; what is the required structure of teachers' education in the Czech Republic, Finland, Poland, Ireland and in the USA and what part of the future teachers' study is dedicated to gaining knowledge in biology and what part to obtain pedagogical-psychological knowledge which is considered necessary for working itself in the pedagogy sphere

Mean (and 95% confidence intervals) for mRNA copy numbers estimated by mixed-effects modeling for IL-4, IL-6, and IL-8.

<p>Data represent back-transformed results of log₁₀-transformed data. Values in columns with the same letter indicate absence of statistical significance between groups for a given age. Values in rows with differing superscripted numbers indicate significant (P<0.05) differences among ages within group.</p><p>Mean (and 95% confidence intervals) for mRNA copy numbers estimated by mixed-effects modeling for IL-4, IL-6, and IL-8.</p

Boxplots of values of liberated 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) measured fluorometrically by age and treatment group: blue boxes are data from the control (saline) group and red boxes are data from the CpG-treated foal (see <b>Figure 1</b> for boxplot description).

<p>Numbers above boxes represent within-treatment group differences among ages: within treatment group, ages with different numbers differed significantly (P<0.05) between groups. Asterisks denote days on which values were significantly (P<0.05) different between the control and Cp-G-treated foals. Arrows along the horizontal axis indicate ages when treatment (saline or CpG was administered.</p