RED EUGLENOID BLOOMS: A BIOMARKER OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT IN FLOODED RICE FIELDS

The nutrient load introduced into flooded rice fields is one of the main factorsthat impact this type of ecosystem, contributing to the development of bloomsof pigmented euglenoids. This study was carried out to investigate thebehavior of red euglenas, a group of pigmented euglenoids, forming blooms inthis type of environment. Sedimented spores in the soil after water drainage,as well as water samples from vegetative cells in living blooms were collected.The collected material was inoculated into a culturing medium for microalgaeand incubated for three weeks. The cultures grown in nutrient medium wereused for morphometric analysis to identify the species. In order to characterizethe water environment, chemical and physical parameters were alsomonitored "in situ". The results indicated Euglena sanguinea Ehr. as thebloom-forming species and nitrogen as a key element in the behavior of thisspecies in this type of ecosystem. It was suggested, however, that more studiesare needed to indicate the use of red euglenas as biomarkers of nitrogenoverload in flooded rice fields

Os mártires e a cristianização do território na América portuguesa, séculos XVI e XVII

O artigo investiga um grupo de atores sociais bastante relevante para viabilizar a cristianização na América portuguesa: os mártires cristãos, indivíduos muito especiais, dispostos a regar a terra com seu próprio sangue, de forma a tornar definitiva e irreversível a ocupação cristã do território. Os mártires - e principalmente a narrativa em torno deles - parecem ter sido bastante acionados para integrar a América portuguesa e seus habitantes nativos à temporalidade e territorialidade cristã. Os mártires dos séculos XVI e XVII, principalmente missionários, reeditavam os martírios do início da cristandade, que espalharam o cristianismo rumo a diversas partes do mundo na antiguidade. Dessa forma, viabilizaram a cristianização das novas fronteiras, consagrando o solo com seu sangue divino e viabilizando posteriores processos de urbanização. Além da função estratégica dos mártires para os cristãos, o texto mostra que eles também tiveram significado peculiar na interlocução com as culturas ameríndias, que tinha como um de seus principais personagens o grande guerreiro, disposto a perder seu sangue em prol de seu grupo.This paper looks into a group of social agents who played a significant role in the Christianization of Portuguese America, namely, the Christian martyrs - very special individuals who were ready to wet the land with their own blood in order to make possible a definitive and irreversible occupation of the territory by Christian settlers. The martyrs, and above all the stories told about them, seem to have been called upon to integrate Portuguese America and its native inhabitants into the temporalities and territory of Christendom. Mostly made up of missionaries, this group of 16th and 17th-century martyrs reedited the martyrdom of early Christians, who spread their creed across numerous parts of the Ancient World. They enabled the Christianization of new frontiers by consecrating the soil with their divine blood and paving the way for subsequent processes of urban development. In addition to their strategic significance for Christianity, the text also shows that their martyrdom played a specific role in the Christian settlers' interaction with Amerindian culture, whose main cults included the figure of the great warrior, ever ready to shed his own blood for his group

Comparison of two methods for glucocorticoid evaluation in maned wolves

Analysis of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites provides a powerful noninvasive tool for monitoring adrenocortical activity in wild animals. However, differences regarding the metabolism and excretion of these substances make a validation for each species and sex investigated obligatory. Although maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) are the biggest canids in South America, their behaviour and physiology are poorly known and they are at risk in the wild. Two methods for measuring glucocorticoid metabolites in maned wolves were validated: a radio- and an enzyme immunoassay. An ACTH challenge was used to demonstrate that changes in adrenal function are reflected in faecal glucocorticoid metabolites. Our results suggest that both methods enable a reliable assessment of stress hormones in maned wolves avoiding short-term rises in glucocorticoid concentrations due to handling and restraint. These methods can be used as a valuable tool in studies of stress and conservation in this wild species

Acoustic Monitoring of Black-Tufted Marmosets in a Tropical Forest Disturbed by Mining Noise

All habitats have noise, but anthropogenic sounds often differ from natural sounds in terms of frequency, duration and intensity, and therefore may disrupt animal vocal communication. This study aimed to investigate whether vocalizations emitted by black-tufted marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) were affected by the noise produced by mining activity. Through passive acoustic monitoring, we compared the noise levels and acoustic parameters of the contact calls of marmosets living in two study areas (with two sampling points within each area)—one near and one far from an opencast mine in Brazil. The near area had higher anthropogenic background noise levels and the marmosets showed greater calling activity compared to the far area. Calls in the near area had significantly lower minimum, maximum and peak frequencies and higher average power density and bandwidth than those in the far area. Our results indicate that the mining noise affected marmoset vocal communication and may be causing the animals to adjust their acoustic communication patterns to increase the efficiency of signal propagation. Given that vocalizations are an important part of social interactions in this species, concerns arise about the potential negative impact of mining noise on marmosets exposed to this human activity

RED EUGLENOID BLOOMS: A BIOMARKER OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT IN FLOODED RICE FIELDS

The nutrient load introduced into flooded rice fields is one of the main factors that impact this type of ecosystem, contributing to the development of blooms of pigmented euglenoids. This study was carried out to investigate the behavior of red euglenas, a group of pigmented euglenoids, forming blooms in this type of environment. Sedimented spores in the soil after water drainage, as well as water samples from vegetative cells in living blooms were collected. The collected material was inoculated into a culturing medium for microalgae and incubated for three weeks. The cultures grown in nutrient medium were used for morphometric analysis to identify the species. In order to characterize the water environment, chemical and physical parameters were also monitored "in situ". The results indicated Euglena sanguinea Ehr. as the bloom-forming species and nitrogen as a key element in the behavior of this species in this type of ecosystem. It was suggested, however, that more studies are needed to indicate the use of red euglenas as biomarkers of nitrogen overload in flooded rice fields

Geoquímica de radionuclídeos naturais em solos de áreas circunvizinhas a uma Unidade de Mineração e Atividade de Urânio Geochemistry of natural radionuclide in soils surrounding a Mining and Plant Uranium Concentration

Os impactos ambientais advindos da exploração e do beneficiamento de U são, em grande parte, idênticos àqueles causados por atividades minero-extrativistas em geral. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de determinar a partição geoquímica dos radionuclídeos naturais 238U, 226Ra e 210Pb em áreas circunvizinhas à Unidade de Mineração e Atividade de Urânio (URA) das Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil S.A., localizada na Província Uranífera de Lagoa Real, no município de Caetité, na região sudoeste do Estado da Bahia. Foram coletadas amostras de solo em cinco áreas circunvizinhas à URA, representando as principais classes de solos da região, na profundidade de 0-20 cm. Nas cinco áreas, foram determinados o teor de atividade total e o fracionamento geoquímico nas frações: F1 - levemente ácida, F2 - reduzível, F3 - oxidável, F4 - alcalina e F5 - residual. As atividades totais médias foram, em Bq kg-1 de solo, de 50 para 238U, 51 para 226Ra e 159 para 210Pb. Os extraídos na fase potencialmente biodisponível (F1) foram: 11 % para 238U, 13 % para 226Ra e 3 % para 210Pb. O 238U apresentou maior biodisponibilidade nos solos mais ácidos e maior afinidade pelos óxidos de Fe, o que não ocorreu para o 226Ra, tendo este apresentado a maior biodisponibilidade. O 210Pb apresentouse predominantemente associado a F5. As percentagens elevadas de 238U, 226Ra e 210Pb na fração geoquímica F5 indicam que as atividades observadas nos cinco solos estão, predominantemente, associadas ao material que deu origem a esses solos, e não a um processo de contaminação artificial em função da atividade da URA.<br>The environmental impacts resulting from uranium exploration and processing are to a great extent identical to those caused by extractive mining activities in general. This study aimed to determine the geochemical partitioning of the natural radionuclides 238U, 226Ra and 210Pb in areas surrounding the Uranium Mining and Concentration Plant (URA) of the Brazilian Nuclear Industries S.A., in the uranium deposit region of Lagoa Real, in Caetité, southwestern Bahia state. Representative soil samples of the main regional soil classes were collected from the layer 0-20 cm, in five areas around the URA. The level of total activity and geochemical fractionation (F1slightly acidic, F2 reducible, F3 oxidisable, F4 alkaline, and F5 residual) were determined for the five areas. The average total radioactivity levels were, in Bq kg-1 soil: 50 for 238U, 51 for 226Ra, and 159 for 210Pb. During the potentially bioavailable phase (F1) 11 % were extracted for 238U, 13 % for 226Ra and 3 % for 210Pb. The bioavailability of 238U was higher in more acidic soils and the affinity for iron oxides was greater, unlike in the case of 226Ra, with the greatest bioavailability. 210Pb was predominantly associated with F5. The high percentage of 238U, 226Ra and 210Pb in the geochemical fraction F5 indicates that the concentrations observed in the five soils are predominantly associated to the parent material of these soils, rather than to an artificial contamination caused by the URA activity

Comparação do processo de reparo ósseo em tíbias de ratas normais e osteopênicas Bone repair process in normal and osteopenic female rats' tibiae: a comparative study

O objetivo foi comparar a consolidação óssea em tíbias de ratas normais e osteopênicas. 49 ratas albinas fêmeas, linhagem Wistar, peso médio de 160 (&plusmn; 20g) e 100 dias foram distribuídas em 2 grupos: Ooforectomizado (OOF) e Pseudo-ooforectomizado (Grupo controle - SHAM). 30 dias após a ooforectomia e/ou cirurgia simulada, todas foram submetidas à produção de lesão óssea cortical. Foram sacrificadas na 2ª, 4ª, 6ª e 8ª semanas. Os osteoblastos foram contados. O peso aumentou progressivamente, porém as OOF apresentaram maior peso (p<0,05) quando comparadas as SHAM, à época da segunda cirurgia. 15 dias pós-lesão óssea, as OOF apresentaram maior número de osteoblastos (p<0,05) quando comparados as SHAM. 30 dias pós-lesão óssea houve diminuição no número de osteoblastos, porém os valores foram equivalentes entre os dois grupos OOF e SHAM. 45 dias pós-lesão, apesar da diminuição constante de osteoblastos, o grupo OOF permaneceu elevado quando comparado ao grupo controle (p<0,05). Aos 60 dias o grupo SHAM apresentou menos osteoblastos, sugerindo processo avançado de reparo ósseo. Os animais osteopênicos apresentaram resposta inicial acelerada à lesão óssea, possibilitando a equivalência entre os grupos 30 dias pós-lesão. Mas, após este período apresentaram retardo na mineralização do osteóide, sugerindo atraso tardio no processo de reparo ósseo.<br>The purpose was to compare tibial bone union in normal and osteopenic female rats. Forty-nine Wistar albino female rats weighing 160 g (&plusmn;20g) and 100 days were distributed into 2 groups: Oophorectomized (OOF) and Pseudo-oophorectomized (SHAM). Thirty days later, a cortical injury was produced in all the animals. They were sacrificed in the 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th weeks. Osteoblasts count was performed. Progressive weight increase was observed, but the OOF group was shown to have gained more weight (p&pound;0.05) than the SHAM group, at the time of the second surgery. After 15 days post-injury, the animals in the OOF group presented a higher number of osteoblasts (p&pound;0.05) compared to the SHAM group. Thirty days after injury, the number of osteoblasts was reduced, but both groups showed similar amounts. Forty-five days after injury, despite a constant reduction, the number of osteoblasts in the OOF group remained high when compared to SHAM (p&pound;0.05) group. After 60 days, we found less osteoblasts in the SHAM group, suggesting an advanced bone repair process. The osteopenic animals showed an early accelerated response, which became equivalent between both groups 30 days after injury. However, after that period, they showed a delayed osteoid mineralization, suggesting delayed late bone repair process