A Review of Electricity Demand Forecasting in Low and Middle Income Countries: The Demand Determinants and Horizons

With the globally increasing electricity demand, its related uncertainties are on the rise as well. Therefore, a deeper insight of load forecasting techniques for projecting future electricity demands becomes imperative for business entities and policy makers. The electricity demand is governed by a set of different variables or “electricity demand determinants”. These demand determinants depend on forecasting horizons (long term, medium term, and short term), the load aggregation level, climate, and socio-economic activities. In this paper, a review of different electricity demand forecasting methodologies is provided in the context of a group of low and middle income countries. The article presents a comprehensive literature review by tabulating the different demand determinants used in different countries and forecasting the trends and techniques used in these countries. A comparative review of these forecasting methodologies over different time horizons reveals that the time series modeling approach has been extensively used while forecasting for long and medium terms. For short term forecasts, artificial intelligence-based techniques remain prevalent in the literature. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of the demand determinants in these countries indicates a frequent use of determinants like the population, GDP, weather, and load data over different time horizons. Following the analysis, potential research gaps are identified, and recommendations are provided, accordingly

Effect of expansion level on the flow development with sudden expansion at high Mach numbers

This paper reports the experimental investigation results to monitor pressure at the base and the duct’s flow development. The study aims to assess the influence of favorable and adverse pressure gradients on flow growth and control efficacy. The experimental tests were conducted at a fixed level of favorable and unfavorable pressure gradient at the nozzles for Mach 1.25 to 3.0 at various duct lengths. Only a few selected cases are considered as representative of all the possibilities. Results show that when the nozzles are under the impact of a favorable pressure gradient, they marginally affect the duct’s flow development. However, when nozzles face an adverse pressure gradient, the control acts negatively, resulting in a decline in pressure. Oscillations dominate the flow for the highest pipe length, but the flow becomes smooth for the lower duct length. In most cases, flow is not negatively affected by control. � 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Influence of microjets on flow development for diameter ratio of 1.6 for correctly expanded nozzles

This paper aims to study the microjet’s efficacy as a management tool for the duct’s flow field. The nozzle was correctly expanded for a diameter ratio of 1.6 (i.e., area ratio = 2.56). The Mach numbers considered were from 1.25 to 2. The investigation shows that the development and recovery of the duct flow are smooth at lower Mach numbers. At Mach 1.48, jet noise was reduced considerably when the control is initiated. For higher Mach numbers of the study, namely Mach 1.6, 1.8, and 2.0, The flow’s oscillatory nature was noticed. This phenomenon reiterates that the nozzles flow is wave-dominated. For most of the flow, the flowing nature remains unaltered due to control. The flow remained connected with the duct for duct length twice the nozzle exit diamete

The Combined Effect of Alcohols and Calophyllum inophyllum Biodiesel Using Response Surface Methodology Optimization

In this experimental study, the performance of the diesel engine was analyzed for biodiesel derived from Calophyllum inophyllum. The impact of the addition of additives such as N-octanol and N-butanol with Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel has been assessed. Impact of the application of hybrid N-octanol and N-butanol with biodiesel on emission profile used for the engine performance has also been demonstrated. Response surface analysis of alcohol additives-biodiesel blend was performed separately in this study for the engine efficiency and emission profile. A combination of N-octanol and N-butanol presented the highest brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and lowest carbon monoxide (CO) emission among the ternary blends of octanol. N-butanol-biodiesel blend presented the lowest hydrocarbon (HC) emission among the blends of N-butanol. N-octanol with 5 and 10% addition with biodiesel showed the lowest HC emissions among the blends of octanol. The response surface methodology (RSM) optimization revealed that the optimized thermal efficiency and emission were obtained at full load and minimum load, respectively. The addition of N-octanol hindered the emission at all loads, while N-butanol reduced it at higher loads. A strong correlation between the load and alcohol additives on the engine performance and emission profile has been obtained using the RSM optimization approach. The R-squared value obtained from the RSM was 0.92 and emission profile has been characterized