Effect of Durian Fruit Juice (Durio Zibethinus Murr.) to Pharmacokinetic Profile of Paracetamol on Wistar Male Rats (Rattus Norvegicus L.)

Paracetamol is widely used as analgesic and antipyretic agent in treatment of pain and fever. Paracetamol has interaction with carbohydrates and alcohol. Durian is the fruit native of Indonesia, that contain carbohydrates and alcohol. The aims of this research were to study the influence of durian fruit juice to the absorption and elimination kinetics of paracetamol and to know the dose of durian fruit juice that influence the absorption and elimination kinetics of paracetamol. The study was conducted using 16 rats, divided into 4 groups (n=4 per group). Each group was treated the following treatment : control paracetamol (paracetamol 9 mg/200 gBW), dose 1 group (paracetamol 9 mg/200 gBW and 0.675 g/200 gBW of durian fruit juice), dose 2 group (paracetamol 9 mg/200 gBW and 1.350 g/200 gBW of durian fruit juice) and dose 3 group (paracetamol 9 mg/200 gBW and 2.700 g/200 gBW of durian fruit juice). Blood sampling is done from the vein of rat's tail at minutes 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360. The quantitation of paracetamol in plasma was determined by UV spectrophotometer at 243 nm. Result showed that durian fruit juice changed the absorption kinetics of paracetamol, durian fruit juice decreased Ka, Cpmaks and increased Tmaks parameter of paracetamol. Durian fruit juice also changed the elimination kinetics of paracetamol, its decreased Vd, Ke, Cl and increased the value of AUC and T1/2 paracetamol. All doses of durian fruit juice can influence the absorption and elimination kinetics of paracetamol includes Ka, Cpmaks, Tmaks, Vd, Cl, Ke, T1/2 and AUC parameters on wistar male rats (Rattus norvegicus L.)

Joodse religieuse uitbreiding in die Nuwe-Testamentiese tydvak: was die Judaisme 'n missionere godsdiens? (deel II)

Jewish religious expansion in the New Testament era: was Judaism a missionary religion? (part II) In the first part of this article five factors were identified which would have contributed to the significant numerical increase of Jews towards the end of the Second Temple period. Here six others are discussed: Jewish slaves in non-Jewish households, adoption of children, the universalistic tendency in certain circles, the role of the synagogue, the attractiveness of Judaism in spite of a negative cross-current and the influence of apologetic-propagandistic literature. In weighing the evidence for a full-scale centrifugal missionary movement a mostly negative conclusion is reached. In this sense first century Judaism cannot be described as a missionary religion. We could, however, speak of an indirect mission in the sense that non-Jews were attracted to Judaism mainly through the quality of Jewish belief and life-style and that they were encouraged to do so.In die eerste aflewering van hierdie artikel is eerstens 'n paar inleidende opmerkings gemaak. Onder 'n tweede punt is 'n aantal definisies en omskrywings aangebied. Derdens is demografiese gegewens verskaf wat dui op die besonder sterk bevolkingsaanwas van die Jodedom rondom die eerste eeu. En vierdens is vyf faktore vermeld wat vermoedelik tot hierdie besondere demografiese beeld bygedra het. Vervolgens word nog 'n aantal ander bydraende faktore vermeld.Continued 2001 as 'Verbum et Ecclesia'Spine cut of Journal binding and pages scanned on flatbed EPSON Expression 10000 XL; 400dpi; text/lineart - black and white - stored to Tiff Derivation: Abbyy Fine Reader v.9 work with PNG-format (black and white); Photoshop CS3; Adobe Acrobat v.9 Web display format PDFhttp://explore.up.ac.za/record=b102527

Revisiting "Church and Society" after a quarter of a century - a critical reappraisal

Apart from the more immediate catalysts for “Church and Society” such as the Reformation Day Confession, the Open Letter, the suspension of the Dutch Reformed Church from the World Alliance of Reformed Churches and the Confession of Belhar, also the legacy of Cottesloe, the demise of “Ras, Volk en Nasie”, contributions of the Cape Synod, pressure from overseas Reformed institutions and growing internal misgivings about apartheid, should be kept in mind. Two divergent currents met in “Church and Society”, causing it to become a document of compromise. Theologically, it improved on its predecessor, but its ambivalent character subjected it to severe criticism. The most basic strategic mistake in “Church and Society” was the exclusion of the rest of the Dutch Reformed family. The Dutch Reformed Church was not yet ready to confess apartheid unreservedly as sin. Finally, it is suggested that our present situation urgently calls for a new, prophetic ecclesiastic directive, but then one coming from the Dutch Reformed family as a whole; still better: from one united Dutch Reformed Church.Expanded version of a presentation at the Stellenbosch conference on the theme Gereformeerde Kerke in Suid-Afrika en die stryd om geregtigheid: 1960-1990 onthou, 14-16 May 2012.http://ngtt.journals.ac.za/hb201

Vertaling van Romeine : ’n aantal hardnekkige hoofpyne

This article concentrates on some of the linguistic phenomena in Romans which continuously cause exegetes and translators alike headaches. Various translations are discussed and possible solutions are offered. It all too often happens that, when facing problems of translation, translators seek refuge in the safe harbour of traditional renderings, even if these only camouflage the real issues. Scientifically it is more responsible to continue wrestling with the text and, through trial and error, eventually make some progress than to resign to this type of false certitude.Hierdie artikel konsentreer op ’n aantal linguistiese manifestasies in Romeine wat voortdurend aan eksegete en vertalers hoofbrekens besorg. Verskillende vertalings word bespreek en moontlike oplossings aangebied. Wanneer vertalers gekonfronteer word met vertalingsprobleme is hulle geneig om al te gemaklik terug te val in die veiligheid van tradisionele vertalings, selfs al sou laasgenoemde die werklik kontensieuse punte bloot kamoefleer. Om met die teks te bly worstel, selfs al sou dit foutlopies insluit om daardeur mettertyd vordering te maak, is wetenskaplik meer verantwoord as valse sekerheid.http://www.journals.co.za/ej/ejour_skrif.htm

Sensitivity towards the reaction of outsiders as ethical motivation in early Christian paraenesis

Early Christian documents contain many indications of a sensitivity towards the presence of non-Christians in their environment, a sensitivity which increased as the expectation of an imminent end receded. This study concentrated on those paraenetic texts which maintain that Christians, in the shaping of their lifestyle, should reckon with the reaction of outsiders. Two trajectories, a negative as well as a positive one, were identified. Subsequently the double perlocutionary aim of these ‘outsider sayings’ was scrutinised. A final word summarised the hermeneutic implications of these sayings for today. Since in many societies the credibility of the gospel message is under pressure, exemplary living is a sine qua non.http://www.hts.org.z

Revisiting the Sermon on the Mount : some major Issues

Without disregarding the value of a diachronic approach, priority is given to a synchronic understanding of the Sermon on the Mount in its present form. Emphasis on diachronics, or even a shuttling between the diachronic and the synchronic, tends to cloud the holistic message that the Sermon was intended to convey to its real-world Syriac audience. The situation of that audience and its bearing on the content of the Sermon on the Mount are discussed. Compositional and thematic aspects of the Sermon are highlighted, such as its position within the macro-structure of Matthew, the author’s predilection for triads, the inner structure and theme of the Sermon. It is proposed that the basic theme of the Sermon on the Mount is the very special identity of Jesus’s end-time community and that its main purpose is the shaping and affirming of that identity. Contrary to the normal view that there are presently nine beatitudes, stylistic as well as contentual considerations indicate that the so-called ninth beatitude is in reality an actualising and personalising amplification of the eighth. Aspects of the antitheses such as their significance, the Jesus of the antitheses, and, finally, the Lord’s Prayer also receive attention.http://ntwsa.co.za/neotestamentica.html2017-12-30am2017New Testament Studie

Galatians and the περὶ ἰδεῶν λόγου of Hermogenes : a rhetoric of severity in Galatians 1–4

After justifying the method applied, a brief characterisation of the rhetorical model of Hermogenes is presented. The prominence of harsh or severe styles in Hermogenes invites us to read Galatians, which is a strongly confrontational letter, through the eyes of Hermogenes. By applying severe language, Paul endeavours to bring his Galatian convertees to their senses and prevent them from succumbing to the pressures of the Judaisers. In scrutinising Galatians 1–4, it became clear that the model of Hermogenes can significantly aid our understanding of severe language in Galatians at a micro, as well as a macro level. The Hermogenic category of indignation, for example, provides the key towards solving the riddle of Galatians 4:12–20.http://www.hts.org.zaam201

Galatians and the περὶ ἰδεῶν λόγου of Hermogenes : a rhetoric of severity in Galatians 5–6

Severe style in Galatians 5–6 is investigated from the perspective of the περὶ ἰδεῶν λόγου of Hermogenes. Galatians 5:7–12 is an extreme example of what Hermogenes would categorise as vehemence. At the same time, it signifies a turning point: Harshness against the opposition peaks and is relentlessly sustained, whilst severity against Paul’s Galatian recipients is slackening, but only up to a point. A résumé of the twofold trajectory of severity in Galatians is presented. Hermogenes can significantly help us appreciate the sustained presence, form and functioning of severe language in Galatians; much better than any or a combination of the three classical genres of speech topics. In view of the correspondences between Galatians and Hermogenes, it may even be asked whether Paul was familiar with traditional rhetorical material that in some form eventually also reached Hermogenes.http://www.hts.org.zaam201

Expression of miR-1, miR-133a, miR-133b and miR-206 increases during development of human skeletal muscle

International audienceBACKGROUND: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression and have been shown to play an important role during development. miR-1, miR-133a, miR-133b and miR-206 are expressed in muscle tissue and induced during muscle cell differentiation, a process that directs myoblasts to differentiate into mature myotubes, which are organized into myofibers. Although miR-1, miR-133a, miR-133b and miR-206 are well-studied in muscle, there is no information about their expression and function during human development. The purpose of this study was to determine the profile of these miRNAs in muscle cells isolated from different stages of human development. RESULTS: We examined the levels of miR-1, miR-133a, miR-133b and miR-206 during the development of human foetus. All four miRNA levels were found increased during late stages of human foetal muscle development. Increases in the expression levels of these miRNAs were proportional to the capacity of myoblasts to form myotubes. Changes in miRNA levels during human foetal development were accompanied by endogenous alterations in their known targets and also in their inducer, MyoD. Ectopic MyoD expression caused an induction of muscle cell differentiation in vitro, accompanied by an increase in the levels of miR-1, miR-133a, miR-133b and miR-206. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides data about the profile of four miRNAs in human muscle cells isolated during different stages of foetal development. These results may shed light on the differentiation of muscle cells and regulation of muscle formation through miRNAs, during the development of human foetus

Significant reduction in heart rate variability is a feature of acute decompensation of cirrhosis and predicts 90-day mortality

Background: Heart rate variability (HRV) is reduced in cirrhosis and in conditions of systemic inflammation. Whether HRV is associated with cirrhosis decompensation and development of acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF) is unknown. // Aims: To (a) validate wireless remote HRV monitoring in cirrhosis decompensation; (b) determine if severely reduced HRV is a surrogate for inflammation and progression of cirrhosis decompensation; (c) assess if measuring HRV determines prognosis in cirrhosis decompensation. // Methods: One hundred and eleven patients at risk of cirrhosis decompensation at two clinical sites were monitored for HRV. Standard deviation of all normal beat‐beat intervals (SDNN) reflecting HRV was assessed using remote monitoring (Isansys Lifetouch) and/or Holter ECG recording. Clinical outcomes and major prognostic scores were recorded during 90‐day follow‐up. // Results: Reduced HRV denoted by lower baseline SDNN, correlated with severity of decompensation (median 14 (IQR 11‐23) vs 33 (25‐42); P < 0.001, decompensated patients vs stable outpatient cirrhosis). Furthermore, SDNN was significantly lower in patients developing ACLF compared to those with only decompensation (median 10 (IQR9‐12) vs 16 (11‐24); P = 0.02), and correlated inversely with MELD and Child‐Pugh scores, and C‐reactive protein (all P < 0.0001) and white cell count (P < 0.001). SDNN predicted disease progression on repeat measures and appeared an independent predictor of 90‐day mortality (12 patients). An SDNN cut‐off of 13.25 ms had a 98% negative predictive value. // Conclusions: This study demonstrates that remote wireless HRV monitoring identifies cirrhosis patients at high risk of developing ACLF and death, and suggests such monitoring might guide the need for early intervention in such patients. Clinical Trial number: NIHR clinical research network CPMS ID 4949