Sporadic Retinoblastoma and Parental Smoking and Alcohol Consumption before and after Conception: A Report from the Children’s Oncology Group

<div><p>Background</p><p>Retinoblastoma is the most frequent tumor of the eye in children and very little is known about the etiology of non-familial (sporadic) retinoblastoma. In this study we examined whether parental tobacco smoking or alcohol consumption (pre- or post-conception) contribute to the two phenotypes (bilateral or unilateral) of sporadic retinoblastoma.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Two large multicenter case-control studies identified 488 cases through eye referral centers in the United States and Canada or through the Children’s Oncology Group. Controls (n = 424) were selected from among friends and relatives of cases and matched by age. Risk factor information was obtained via telephone interview. We employed multivariable logistic regression to estimate the effects of parental tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption on retinoblastoma.</p><p>Findings</p><p>Maternal smoking before and during pregnancy contributed to unilateral retinoblastoma risk in the child: year before pregnancy conditional Odds Ratio (OR), 8.9; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5–51, and unconditional OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.3–4.7; month before or during pregnancy, conditional OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 0.5–20.8, and unconditional OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.1–7.0. No association was found for maternal or paternal alcohol consumption.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>The results of this study indicate that maternal active smoking during pregnancy may be a risk factor for sporadic retinoblastoma. Our study supports a role for tobacco exposures in embryonal tumors.</p></div

Demographic characteristics of fathers of the bilateral cases and matched controls.

<p>Demographic characteristics of fathers of the bilateral cases and matched controls.</p

Environmental tobacco exposure of mother during pregnancy and unilateral retinoblastoma (Conditional logistic regression analysis).

<p>Environmental tobacco exposure of mother during pregnancy and unilateral retinoblastoma (Conditional logistic regression analysis).</p

Paternal smoking and alcohol consumption and bilateral retinoblastoma (Conditional logistic regression).

<p>Paternal smoking and alcohol consumption and bilateral retinoblastoma (Conditional logistic regression).</p

Demographic characteristics of mothers of the unilateral cases and matched controls.

<p>Demographic characteristics of mothers of the unilateral cases and matched controls.</p

Maternal smoking and drinking consumption and unilateral retinoblastoma (Conditional logistic regression).

<p>Maternal smoking and drinking consumption and unilateral retinoblastoma (Conditional logistic regression).</p