Demographics of dogs.

<p>Demographics of dogs.</p

Neck coil configuration for canine imaging.

<p><i>Above</i>: Callie demonstrates the chin rest inside the neck coil. Note the proximity of the upper element to the brain. <i>Below</i>: Kady demonstrates the chin rest placed within the training device that simulates the neck coil.</p

Comparison of caudate response in humans and dogs.

<p>The human data is from an instrumental conditioning task. The caudate response is to a visual cue indicating the imminent receipt of fruit juice, to which participants had to press a button to receive the juice <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0081698#pone.0081698-Pagnoni1" target="_blank">[17]</a>. The canine data is in response to the hand signal indicating “reward.” For comparison to each other, both dog and human activations are referenced to an implicit baseline.</p

Comparision of left and right caudate activation.

<p>The differential activity between “reward” hand signal and “no reward” hand signal was generally similar in both the left and right caudate for each dog. One dog (Caylin) was an outlier with deactivation bilaterally. 7 of 12 dogs had positive activations bilaterally, and 9 of 12 dogs had positive activations on at least one side.</p

Response of herbivore functional groups to multiple disturbances in Moorea, French Polynesia

<p>Talk at the Ecological Society of America 2013 Annual Meeting.</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>Background/Question/Methods</p> <p>Herbivores are crucial to the prevention of coral reef phase shifts. Multiple disturbances, such as a crown-of-thorns seastar (COTS) outbreak followed by a large tropical cyclone, can result in loss of live coral cover, which can be followed by a phase shift to dominance by macroalgae. Identifying how disturbances affect herbivore communities can lead to an increased understanding of processes that underlie return to a coral-dominated state. This study is one of the first to assess changes in the functional composition of the herbivore community as a result of two large disturbances. The island of Moorea, French Polynesia underwent a severe COTS outbreak during 2008-2009, which resulted in the reduction of live coral cover from ~40% to < 5% on the fore reef. This was immediately followed by an intense tropical cyclone in February 2010. The aims of this study are to (1) assess whether there are unique community assemblages of herbivorous fish among the three reef habitats (fringing reef, back reef, and fore reef), (2) quantify responses of the fish communities to the disturbances, and (3) assess the changes in the herbivore functional assemblage among the three habitats. Annual fish survey data from 2006-2012 were used in the analyses.</p> <p>Results/Conclusions</p> <p>A total of 52 herbivorous fish species was observed from 2006-2012. Rare species (i.e., observed with < 35 total individuals over the 7 year period) were removed from the analysis, leaving a total of 34 species. Among these 34 species, 7 functional groups were represented: browsers, detritivores, excavators, farmers, grazers, grazers/detritivores, and scrapers. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analyses revealed that there are unique functional assemblages among the fringing reef, back reef, and fore reef habitats of Moorea. The back reef assemblage was differentiated from the other two habitats by greater abundances of farmer fish whereas the fore reef habitat had more detritivores. Despite having somewhat different functional assemblages, the three habitats responded similarly to the disturbances—all moved towards functional communities with increased representation of scrapers. In addition to scrapers, detritivores and excavators increased in abundance and biomass following the disturbances whereas grazers declined overall. Although coral cover has not recovered to pre-disturbance levels, the herbivorous fish community suppressed the establishment of macroalgae and there has been a massive recruitment of juvenile coral on the forereef. Results suggest that a functional community with a substantial biomass of grazers and increased representation of scrapers may help prevent coral phase shifts by preventing the establishment of macroalgae.</p

Stegastes behavior and coral performance

Stegastes behavior and coral performanc

Additional file 1: of A multidisciplinary team-oriented intervention to increase guideline recommended care for high-risk prostate cancer: A stepped-wedge cluster randomised implementation trial

Table S1. Process evaluation domains and data collection methods. Table S2. Potential effect modifiers of the intervention effect on prevalence of referral to radiation oncologist or RAVES within 4 months after prostatectomy. Table S3. Potential effect modifiers of the intervention effect on prevalence of patients being discussed at a MDT meeting within 4 months after prostatectomy. Table S4. MDT recommendations within 4 months after prostatectomy by referral status during the intervention phase. Table S5. Reasons for non-referral as recorded in urologist notes among the 78 intervention group cases with a MDT recommendation for referral who were not referred within 4 months of prostatectomy. Table S6. Potential effect modifiers of the intervention effect on prevalence of an initial consultation with a radiation oncologist within 6 months after prostatectomy. Table S7. Site-level exposures to CLICC intervention elements. Figure S1. Comparisons between pre-intervention and post-intervention responses—attitudes towards recommendation that ‘patients with extracapsular extension, seminal vesicle involvement or positive surgical margins receive post-operative external beam radiation therapy within four months of surgery’. Figure S2. Sensitivity analyses for outcomes of referred and discussed. Figure S3. Sensitivity analyses for outcomes of consultation and radiotherapy. (DOCX 91 kb

Mean distance in km between birthplaces, and <i>p</i>-values of t-tests testing the difference in birthplace distance between parental educational attainment (EA) levels.

<p>Mean distance in km between birthplaces, and <i>p</i>-values of t-tests testing the difference in birthplace distance between parental educational attainment (EA) levels.</p

Association between geography and ancestry per parental educational attainment level.

<p><i>A</i>—Left: geographic distribution of PC1 (N = ~5,000 unrelated Dutch subjects), where the mean PC1 value per postal code (current living address) was computed, divided into 10 percentiles, and plotted. Right: two plots showing the explained variance (R²) of the offspring’s PC1 by the North-South gradient based on the offspring’s birthplace, per parental educational group. <i>B</i>—Left: geographic distribution of PC2. Right: two plots showing R² between offspring PC2 and the East-West gradient based on offspring’s birth place.</p

Freshwater invertebrate responses to fine sediment stress: a multi‐continent perspective

Excessive fine sediment (particles <2 mm) deposition in freshwater systems is a pervasive stressor worldwide. However, understanding of ecological response to excess fine sediment in river systems at the global scale is limited. Here, we aim to address whether there is a consistent response to increasing levels of deposited fine sediment by freshwater invertebrates across multiple geographic regions (Australia, Brazil, New Zealand and the UK). Results indicate ecological responses are not globally consistent and are instead dependent on both the region and the facet of invertebrate diversity considered, that is, taxonomic or functional trait structure. Invertebrate communities of Australia were most sensitive to deposited fine sediment, with the greatest rate of change in communities occurring when fine sediment cover was low (below 25% of the reach). Communities in the UK displayed a greater tolerance with most compositional change occurring between 30% and 60% cover. In both New Zealand and Brazil, which included the most heavily sedimented sampled streams, the communities were more tolerant or demonstrated ambiguous responses, likely due to historic environmental filtering of invertebrate communities. We conclude that ecological responses to fine sediment are not generalisable globally and are dependent on landscape filters with regional context and historic land management playing important roles.</p