Uloga perfekcionizma i emocionalne regulacije u objašnjenju stilova odlučivanja

Individuals differ in the manner they approach decision making, namely their decision-making styles. While some people typically make all decisions fast and without hesitation, others invest more effort into deciding even about small things and evaluate their decisions with much more scrutiny. The goal of the present study was to explore the relationship between decision-making styles, perfectionism and emotional processing in more detail. Specifically, 300 college students majoring in social studies and humanities completed instruments designed for assessing maximizing, decision commitment, perfectionism, as well as emotional regulation and control. The obtained results indicate that maximizing is primarily related to one dimension of perfectionism, namely the concern over mistakes and doubts, as well as emotional regulation and control. Furthermore, together with the concern over mistakes and doubts, maximizing was revealed as a significant predictor of individuals\u27 decision commitment. The obtained findings extend previous reports regarding the association between maximizing and perfectionism and provide relevant insights into their relationship with emotional regulation and control. They also suggest a need to further explore these constructs that are, despite their complex interdependence, typically investigated in separate contexts and domains.Ljudi se međusobno znatno razlikuju s obzirom na stilove odlučivanja, odnosno načine na koje uobičajeno pristupaju procesu donošenja odluka. Dok neki u pravilu odluke donose brzo i bez oklijevanja, drugi provode znatno više vremena u odlučivanju čak i o malim, svakodnevnim stvarima te svaku odluku preispituju dugo nakon donošenja. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je detaljnije ispitati odnos između stilova donošenja odluka, perfekcionizma te emocionalne regulacije i kontrole. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 300 studenata društvenih i humanističkih usmjerenja, koji su ispunili instrumente za mjerenje sklonosti maksimiziranju, posvećenosti odlukama, perfekcionizma te emocionalne regulacije i kontrole. Dobiveni rezultati pokazali su da je sklonost maksimiziranju prije svega povezana s jednom dimenzijom perfekcionizma, brigom o vlastitim pogreškama i sumnjama, kao i emocionalnom regulacijom. Nadalje, maksimiziranje i briga o vlastitim pogreškama i sumnjama izdvojeni su kao značajni prediktori posvećenosti odlukama. Ovi rezultati dopunjuju prijašnje nalaze koji se odnose na povezanost maksimiziranja i perfekcionizma te nude relevantne uvide u njihovu povezanost s emocionalnom regulacijom. Rezultati pokazuju i važnost daljnjeg istraživanja ovih konstrukata, koji se, unatoč svojoj složenoj međuovisnosti, najčešće ispituju u odvojenim kontekstima i područjima

Neurocognitive bases of future oriented cognition

In recent decades, the importance of future oriented processing across different cognitive domains and timescales has been recognized. The underlying neural mechanisms of these processes have been explored, resulting in findings that have associated predictive processing with the functioning of different brain regions and neural systems. However, although individual incarnations of future oriented processing within cognitive domains have been meticulously investigated and described, a unified approach that would summarize and compare such processes across domains is still lacking. The present review succinctly describes future oriented cognitive processes across different psychological domains and discusses their underlying neural mechanisms. In doing so, it examines the manifestations and beneficial aspects of future orientation in perception, motor behavior, attention, and higher order cognition as well as in emotional and motivational processing. In addition, the importance of future orientation for self-referential processing is evaluated and novel insights are offered into some of the critical questions that remain to be elucidated in future research within this field

Ispitivanje hemisferne interakcije kod rješavanja Stroop zadatka

Ispitivanje je provedeno s glavnim ciljem provjere učinkovitosti rješavanja određenog zadatka prilikom različitih uvjeta prezentacije podražaja. Pritom se kao podražajni materijal ispitanicima prikazivao klasičan Stroop zadatak s bojama i riječima, nazivima boja. Ispitanicima su prikazivane dvije vrste zadataka, jednostavni i složeni zadaci, u tri različita uvjeta prezentacije - kod unutarhemisferne prezentacije su oba elementa podražajnog para prikazivana u jedno (lijevo ili desno) vidno polje, kod interhemisferne prezentacije je riječ prikazivana u jedno, a pravokutnik u drugo vidno polje, dok su kod središnje prezentacije oba podražaja u paru prikazivana u središnji dio vidnog polja, odnosno oko točke fiksacije. Kao zavisne varijable korištene su mjere vremena imenovanja boje prikazanog pravokutnika i broja pogrešnih odgovora ispitanika. Ispitivanjem je potvrđena pojava Stroop efekta, odnosno kod svih uvjeta prezentacije podražaja dobiveno vrijeme imenovanja boje je bilo statistički značajno kraće kod jednostavnih zadataka u usporedbi sa složenim zadacima. Taj je nalaz u skladu s postavljenim hipotezama istraživanja. Također su pronađene razlike u učinkovitosti obrade zadatka u različitim uvjetima prezentacije, pri čemu je najbrža obrada općenito bila kod bilateralne, te unilateralne prezentacije podražaja u DVP. Potvrđeno je i postojanje značajnog efekta interakcije varijabli složenosti zadatka i uvjeta prezentacije podražaja, kojoj je najviše doprinijela situacija središnje prezentacije podražaja. Vrijeme imenovanja boje je kod ove situacije kod jednostavnog zadatka bilo najbrže, a kod složenog najsporije u usporedbi s ostalim situacijama. Ovi rezultati nisu potvrdili postavljene hipoteze istraživanja, što se ne može pripisati uvjetima ili mogućim nedostacima provedenog istraživanja, već je vjerojatno posljedica složenosti ispitivane teme i postojanja brojnih čimbenika koji se ispitivanjem nisu kontrolirali. Potrebna su dodatna istraživanja kojima bi se ova problematika pokušala detaljnije i sustavnije obuhvatiti

Attentional bias in change detection

Although change detection constitutes an important and pervasive process in our everyday lives, phenomena such as change blindness show that we are quite limited in our ability to notice even large changes in visual scenes. This process is greatly dependent on attention, so change blindness often occurs when attention is diverted from the changing object. This study explores the efficiency of change detection for stimuli that employ our attentional resources in different ways. A flicker paradigm is used to test how top-down and bottom-up attentional biases affect the change detection process and how they interact when jointly present within a task. Our results indicate the influence of top-down attentional effect reflected in the more efficient change detection in conditions where changes occurred in the set of stimuli participants were employing at the time. The effect of bottom-up attentional bias on the efficiency of change detection was not statistically significant

Predictors of Vocational Outcome Expectations Among Future Teachers and Educators

Postavljanje očekivanja o profesionalnoj budućnosti važan je element odlučivanja o karijeri, kao i odabira ponašanja usmjerenih ostvarenju profesionalnih ciljeva. Provedeno je istraživanje bilo usmjereno ispitivanju spomenutih očekivanja, kao i njihove povezanosti s temeljnim samoevaluacijama, samopercipiranom zapošljivosti i samoefikasnosti u odlučivanju o karijeri pojedinaca. U istraživanju je sudjelovao 301 student odgojiteljskih, učiteljskih i nastavničkih studija, a primijenjeni su instrumenti za ispitivanje temeljne samoevaluacije, samopercipirane zapošljivosti, samoefikasnosti u odlučivanju o karijeri i očekivanja o profesionalnim ishodima. Temeljna samoevaluacija, samopercipirana zapošljivost i samoefikasnost u odlučivanju o karijeri potvrđeni su kao statistički značajni prediktori studentskih očekivanja o profesionalnim ishodima. Pritom je doprinos temeljne samoevaluacije i samopercipirane zapošljivosti studentskim očekivanjima bio posredovan njihovom samoefikasnošću u odlučivanju o karijeri. Ovi nalazi potvrđuju i proširuju dosadašnje spoznaje o važnosti uvjerenja o vlastitim sposobnostima i osobinama za očekivanja o profesionalnim ishodima.Postulating expectations regarding one\u27s professional future represents an important segment of career decision making, as well as choosing behaviors aimed at fulfilling professional goals. Given the relevance of this topic, the conducted study addressed such expectations among a group of students studying to become educators and teachers. Specifically, 301 students participated in this study and completed instruments designed for measuring their core self-evaluations, self- -perceived employability, career decision self-efficacy and vocational outcome expectations. In doing so, the goal of the study was to investigate the contributions of core self- -evaluations, self-perceived employability and career decision self-efficacy to students\u27 vocational outcome expectations. The obtained results indicated core self-evaluations, self-perceived employability and career decision self-efficacy as statistically significant predictors of vocational outcome expectations. In addition, the contributions of core self-evaluations and self-perceived employability to students\u27 expectations were mediated by their career decision self-efficacy. These findings confirm and extend previous knowledge related to the relevance of beliefs regarding own abilities and characteristics for vocational outcome expectations and may be informative for future research as well as career development counseling programs

Change detection in context

Iako smo u svakodnevnom životu okruženi podražajima koji se stalno mijenjaju i na koje uspješno reagiramo, fenomeni poput sljepoće za promjene pokazuju da je naša sposobnost efikasnog opažanja promjena zapravo poprilično ograničena. Uspješno opažanje promjena u velikoj mjeri ovisi o usmjerenosti opažača na podražaje koji se mijenjaju odnosno procesima pažnje koji su pod utjecajem konteksta u kojem se neki podražaj nalazi. U ovom istraživanju ispitali smo utjecaj semantičke povezanosti podražaja koji se mijenja i okoline koja ga okružuje na uspješnost opažanja promjena. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da kontekst prikazivanja podražaja utječe na učinkovitost i brzinu opažanja promjena. Naime, opažanje promjena je efikasnije u situacijama u kojima podražaj koji se mijenja nije semantički povezan s onima koji ga okružuju, na primjer ako je okružen podražajima koji pripadaju nekoj drugoj semantičkoj kategoriji. Nasuprot tome, promjene podražaja okruženog objektima iz iste kategorije teže se uočavaju, najvjerojatnije stoga što ti podražaji manje privlače pažnju opažača.Although change detection constitutes an important and pervasive process in our everyday lives, phenomena such as change blindness show that we are quite limited in our ability to notice even large changes in visual scenes. Change detection is greatly dependant on attention deployment which can be influenced by the contextual setting in which a target item is presented. In this study we wanted to further address the influence of semantic relatedness of the changing item and the surrounding stimuli on the efficiency of change detection. The obtained results indicate that the contextual setting in which a changing element is presented influences the detection of changes. Change detection is generally more efficient in situations when changes are related to items incongruent with the surrounding context when compared to situations where an object belonging to the same category as surrounding items changes into another object from the same category

The relevance of basic psychological needs for decision making approaches

Iako su se istraživanja unutar kognitivne psihologije tradicionalno usmjeravala na ispitivanje normativnih utjecaja različitih kognitivnih i vanjskih činitelja na ljudska ponašanja i razmišljanja, u novije vrijeme u ovom se kontekstu sve više prepoznaje važnost individualnih razlika te utjecaja emocionalnih činitelja na odlučivanje. Cilj provedenog istraživanja bio je ispitati doprinos temeljnih ljudskih potreba i vjerovanja za razumijevanje kognitivnih stilova i pristupa odlučivanju. Ispitivanje je provedeno na skupini studenata koji su ispunili upitnike za mjerenje temeljnih ljudskih potreba, vjerovanja u slobodnu volju te tri kognitivna stila, odnosno pristupa odlučivanju koji uključuju povjerenje u vlastitu sposobnost rješavanja problema te sklonosti maksimiziranju i žaljenju. Dobiveni rezultati izdvojili su potrebu za kompetencijom kao statistički značajan prediktor svih ispitanih kognitivnih stilova. Uz to, potreba za autonomijom izdvojena je kao značajan prediktor povjerenja u vlastitu sposobnost rješavanja problema, a maksimiziranje kao značajan prediktor sklonosti žaljenju. Općenito, rezultati dobiveni provedenim istraživanjem upućuju na povezanost motivacijskog i kognitivnog funkcioniranja pojedinaca te tako doprinose spoznajama o temeljnim odrednicama procesa prosuđivanja i odlučivanja.While the study of human judgment and decision making was traditionally focused on investigating various cognitive and external factors that influence our thoughts and behaviors, in recent years the relevance of individual differences in reasoning has also been recognized. The goal of the present study was to investigate the contribution of basic human needs and beliefs for understanding participants’ decision making styles and approaches. The study was conducted among a group of students who completed instruments designed for measuring basic human needs, belief in free will and three decision making approaches that include maximizing, problem solving confidence and regret. The obtained results indicate the need for competence as a statistically significant predictor of all assessed decision making styles. In addition, the need for autonomy was identified as a significant predictor of individuals\u27 problem-solving confidence, while maximizing was revealed as a significant predictor of regret. Overall, the obtained findings suggest strong interrelations among individuals\u27 motivational and cognitive processes, and thus contribute to the current understanding of our judgment and decision making

Važnost ciljeva dostignuća i stavova o obrazovanju u objašnjenju samoefikasnosti u odlučivanju o karijeri kod adolescenata

Previous research has acknowledged the relevance of individuals\u27 perception of own abilities related to the vocational domain, namely career decision self-efficacy beliefs, for their professional success. In the present study, such beliefs were examined among a group of high school seniors who are facing the process of choosing what professional path to pursue after high school. In addition, students\u27 achievement goals and attitudes towards education were also explored. Results indicate mastery approach, performance avoidance and work avoidance goals, as well as participation in extracurricular activities and attitudes towards education, as significant predictors of career decision self-efficacy. Findings indicate the relevance of academic experiences for the development of career decision self-efficacy and provide novel evidence regarding the complex relationship between individuals\u27 educational and vocational considerations, and may be informative for designing future vocational guidance interventions targeted at adolescents transitioning into colleges or the job market, or individuals undergoing similar occupational transitions.Dosadašnja istraživanja pokazala su značajnost uvjerenja pojedinaca o njihovim sposobnostima vezanim uz upravljanje karijerom, odnosno njihove samoefikasnosti u odlučivanju o karijeri, za profesionalni uspjeh. U provedenom istraživanju ta su uvjerenja ispitana među skupinom učenika završnih razreda srednje škole, koji će se uskoro naći u situaciji važnoga profesionalnog odabira posla ili fakulteta. U istraživanju su ispitani i učenički ciljevi dostignuća i stavovi o obrazovanju te je istražena njihova povezanost sa samoefikasnosti u odlučivanju o karijeri. Dobiveni rezultati izdvojili su ciljeve ovladavanja uključivanjem, izvedbom, izbjegavanjem rada, kao i stavove prema obrazovanju te sudjelovanje u izvannastavnim aktivnostima kao statistički značajne prediktore samoefikasnosti u odlučivanju o karijeri. Ovi rezultati upućuju na važnost akademskih iskustava za razvoj samoefikasnosti u odlučivanju o karijeri te nude nove spoznaje o složenoj međuovisnosti obrazovnih i karijernih procesa. Oni stoga mogu biti informativni za osmišljavanje budućih programa karijernoga savjetovanja za adolescente koji prelaze na fakultet ili tržište rada, kao i pojedince koji prolaze slične karijerne tranzicije

The Psychology of Economic Attitudes – Moral Foundations Predict Economic Attitudes beyond Socio-Demographic Variables

The present study had three goals: to construct a relevant questionnaire of economic attitudes, to examine the role of socio-demographic variables in explaining the economic attitudes as measured by that questionnaire, and to check whether moral foundations, as a psychological construct, can contribute to understanding the economic attitudes beyond socio-demographic variables. The results indicated that the economic attitudes were better explained by two factors instead of one: the Role of the State in the Economy (ROSE) and the Problems with the Current Economic System (PCES). Both socio-demographic variables and moral foundations explained significant amounts of the variance in the results on the two subscales. Regarding the ROSE subscale, socio-demographic variables explained 25 percent, while moral foundations explained the additional 21 percent of the variance, resulting in this model explaining 46 percent of the variance in the ROSE results. Regarding the PCES subscale, the socio-demographic variables explained 20 percent of the variance, and moral foundations added another 10 percent resulting in 30 percent of the variance on PCES results being explained by this model. The results speak in favor of including the psychological variables in the studies of economic attitudes and behaviors, and indicate that economic concerns are not only economic in their nature, but also moral

Teacher s\u27 Voice about the Voice of Students: Acceptance and Usage of Students’ Assessments of Teacher Effectiveness at the University of Split

Centar za unaprjeđenje kvalitete Sveučilišta u Splitu organizirao je istraživanje u kojemu su nastavnici pojedinih sastavnica Sveučilišta popunjavali online-upitnik i pružili osobni osvrt na dosadašnje iskustvo sa studentskom evaluacijom nastave. Nastavnici su u upitniku odgovarali na tri skupine pitanja: pitanja o studentima, kvaliteti nastavnika te kvaliteti same nastave. Od ukupno 1833 nastavnika Sveučilišta, upitnik je ispunilo njih 402, odn. 22%. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju kako nastavnici većinu pitanja unutar studentskih anketa smatraju korisnima, a polovica njih navodi da dobivene povratne informacije zaista utječu na ponašanje nastavnika. Od nastavnika koji prepoznaju utjecaj ankete, njih 76% navodi da je on pozitivan, najčešće u smislu da se studentski odgovori koriste u svrhu poboljšanja kvalitete nastave, dok ih 14% smatra da je taj utjecaj negativan, najčešće u smislu smanjivanja kriterija. Međutim, treba spomenuti i kako ukupno 18% nastavnika smatra ankete neinformativnima. Općenito, dobiveni rezultati su u skladu s dosadašnjim svjetskim iskustvima vezanim uz korištenje ove metode procjene učinkovitosti nastavnika te ukazuju na potrebu za povećanjem znanja i svijesti o ovoj metodi kao i eventualnoj reviziji i poboljšanju same ankete u budućnosti.The center for quality assurance of the University of Split organized an online survey in which teachers from all university constituents shared their experiences with student evaluations of teacher effectiveness. Within this survey, the teachers responded to three types of questions: about students, teacher and teaching quality. Out of the 1,833 teachers employed at the university, 402 (22%) responded to the questionnaire. The results that were obtained indicated that half of the teachers considered student evaluations to be informative, among which 76% mention a positive influence of using student commentaries for improving teaching, while 14% consider this influence as negative, as it results in deterioration of teaching standards. In addition, around 18% of teachers considered this practice to be completely uninformative. Overall, the results are in line with international experiences related to the use of student evaluations and they indicate a need for increasing both teachers’ and students’ knowledge regarding this method of measuring teacher effectiveness and for considering potential changes to the questionnaire currently used for this purpose