The Double-edged Sword of a Successful Securitization: the Trade Off of Human Rights for a Flawed Sense of Security? The Case of the Securitization of Refugees From Syria in Lebanon Since 2011

The Syrian crisis has shed a light on the tragedy of refugee flows and on the behaviour of states when dealing with this tragedy, underlining the shortcomings of the current refugee protection framework. The forced displacement resulting from the Syrian crisis has placed the questions of state responsibility and refugee agency at the forefront of forced displacement debates. Indeed, refugees are increasingly being seen as security threats, not only by the potential host countries in the West, but also by the neighbouring countries in the region where most of the world’s refugee populations reside. This dissertation focuses on Lebanon’s policies of securitization regarding its refugee population from Syria since 2011. It will first present a conceptual framework of the theory of securitization, and will argue that the Copenhagen School of Security is not, on its own, adequate to deconstruct and understand the securitization of refugees from Syria in Lebanon. The dissertation will argue that a more sociological approach of securitization and a study of the context are required to better comprehend the process; consequently, the thesis will also take on a socio-political, and psycho-cultural analysis of Lebanon. This conceptual and contextual analysis will help put forward the paradox of securitization. In other words, the increased concerns about security and policies emanating from emergency politics enabled a flawed sense of security, and often put at risk the population the policies were trying to protect. Indeed, the current securitization policies in Lebanon not only inflict human rights abuses on the refugee populations, but also create protection gaps for the Lebanese populations. These human rights and protection gaps are also the result of the current Refugee Convention and international community dynamics. This essay will therefore put forward the discussion regarding the role of non-traditional actors, such as development actors, in dealing with large flows of forced displacement, in an age where refugee displacement has become increasingly protracted. It will address the benefits of expanding the set of actors involved in protecting and managing refugees, and will explore the undergoing development projects involving refugees in countries similar to Lebanon

A new ensemble coevolution system for detecting HIV-1 protein coevolution

Background: A key challenge in the field of HIV-1 protein evolution is the identification of coevolving amino acids at the molecular level. In the past decades, many sequence-based methods have been designed to detect position-specific coevolution within and between different proteins. However, an ensemble coevolution system that integrates different methods to improve the detection of HIV-1 protein coevolution has not been developed. Results: We integrated 27 sequence-based prediction methods published between 2004 and 2013 into an ensemble coevolution system. This system allowed combinations of different sequence-based methods for coevolution predictions. Using HIV-1 protein structures and experimental data, we evaluated the performance of individual and combined sequence-based methods in the prediction of HIV-1 intra- and inter-protein coevolution. We showed that sequence-based methods clustered according to their methodology, and a combination of four methods outperformed any of the 27 individual methods. This four-method combination estimated that HIV-1 intra-protein coevolving positions were mainly located in functional domains and physically contacted with each other in the protein tertiary structures. In the analysis of HIV-1 inter-protein coevolving positions between Gag and protease, protease drug resistance positions near the active site mostly coevolved with Gag cleavage positions (V128, S373-T375, A431, F448-P453) and Gag C-terminal positions (S489-Q500) under selective pressure of protease inhibitors. Conclusions: This study presents a new ensemble coevolution system which detects position-specific coevolution using combinations of 27 different sequence-based methods. Our findings highlight key coevolving residues within HIV-1 structural proteins and between Gag and protease, shedding light on HIV-1 intra- and inter-protein coevolution. Reviewers: This article was reviewed by Dr. Zoltán Gáspári. © Li et al

An integrated map of HIV genome-wide variation from a population perspective

Background: The HIV pandemic is characterized by extensive genetic variability, which has challenged the development of HIV drugs and vaccines. Although HIV genomes have been classified into different types, groups, subtypes and recombinants, a comprehensive study that maps HIV genome-wide diversity at the population level is still lacking to date. This study aims to characterize HIV genomic diversity in large-scale sequence populations, and to identify driving factors that shape HIV genome diversity. Results: A total of 2996 full-length genomic sequences from 1705 patients infected with 16 major HIV groups, subtypes and circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) were analyzed along with structural, immunological and peptide inhibitor information. Average nucleotide diversity of HIV genomes was almost 50% between HIV-1 and HIV-2 types, 37.5% between HIV-1 groups, 14.7% between HIV-1 subtypes, 8.2% within individual HIV-1 subtypes and less than 1% within single patients. Along the HIV genome, diversity patterns and compositions of nucleotides and amino acids were highly similar across different groups, subtypes and CRFs. Current HIV-derived peptide inhibitors were predominantly derived from conserved, solvent accessible and intrinsically ordered structures in the HIV-1 subtype B genome. We identified these conserved regions in Capsid, Nucleocapsid, Protease, Integrase, Reverse transcriptase, Vpr and the GP41 N terminus as potential drug targets. In the analysis of factors that impact HIV-1 genomic diversity, we focused on protein multimerization, immunological constraints and HIV-human protein interactions. We found that amino acid diversity in monomeric proteins was higher than in multimeric proteins, and diversified positions were preferably located within human CD4 T cell and antibody epitopes. Moreover, intrinsic disorder regions in HIV-1 proteins coincided with high levels of amino acid diversity, facilitating a large number of interactions between HIV-1 and human proteins. Conclusions: This first large-scale analysis provided a detailed mapping of HIV genomic diversity and highlighted drug-target regions conserved across different groups, subtypes and CRFs. Our findings suggest that, in addition to the impact of protein multimerization and immune selective pressure on HIV-1 diversity, HIV-human protein interactions are facilitated by high variability within intrinsically disordered structures. © 2015 Li et al.; licensee BioMed Central

Study of chronic low back pain treatment using the Back School

The aim of the present study was to quantitatively analyze the response of patients with chronic low back pain to treatment at the Back School at the IMREA-HCFMUSP. The following scales were used to measure the therapeutic response: the Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire, a Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and a corporal diagram of the pain. The sample was composed of 43 patients with chronic low back pain evaluated, treated, and referred to by the Back School program. The results showed significant improvement among those who completed the program in all three scales applied. Since the period of study was only two months, the results do not support any claim that the Back School is also this effective on long-term treatment of chronic low back pain. Further qualitative and quantitative studies must be carried out in order to support the development of specialized multi-professional teams, who will carry out alterations and improvements in therapeutic resources to the management of chronic low back pain.O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar a resposta ao tratamento dos pacientes com dor lombar crônica, atendidos pela “Escola de Postura” do IMREA-HCFMUSP. Os questionários utilizados para avaliação da resposta terapêutica foram a escala “Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire”, a Escala Visual Analógica (EVA), e um diagrama corporal de dor. A amostra foi composta por 43 pacientes com lombalgia crônica encaminhados, avaliados e tratados pela Escola de Postura. Observou-se que os indivíduos que concluíram a Escola apresentaram melhora significativa com relação às três escalas de avaliação aplicadas. Cabe ressaltar que o período de estudo de avaliação da Escola de Postura foi de dois meses, sendo que os resultados não possibilitam afirmar que tal método terapêutico também é eficaz em longo prazo. Mais estudos, quantitativos e qualitativos, devem ser realizados de modo a oferecer subsídios à equipe multiprofissional da Escola que permitam operar mudanças e ampliar recursos terapêuticos no tratamento de pacientes com lombalgia crônica

Trends and predictors of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) and clusters with TDR in a local Belgian HIV-1 epidemic

We aimed to study epidemic trends and predictors for transmitted drug resistance (TDR) in our region, its clinical impact and its association with transmission clusters. We included 778 patients from the AIDS Reference Center in Leuven (Belgium) diagnosed from 1998 to 2012. Resistance testing was performed using population-based sequencing and TDR was estimated using the WHO-2009 surveillance list. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian techniques. The cohort was predominantly Belgian (58.4%), men who have sex with men (MSM) (42.8%), and chronically infected (86.5%). The overall TDR prevalence was 9.6% (95% confidence interval (CI): 7.7-11.9), 6.5% (CI: 5.0-8.5) for nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI), 2.2% (CI: 1.4-3.5) for non-NRTI (NNRTI), and 2.2% (CI: 1.4-3.5) for protease inhibitors. A significant parabolic trend of NNRTI-TDR was found (p = 0.019). Factors significantly associated with TDR in univariate analysis were male gender, Belgian origin, MSM, recent infection, transmission clusters and subtype B, while multivariate and Bayesian network analysis singled out subtype B as the most predictive factor of TDR. Subtype B was related with transmission clusters with TDR that included 42.6% of the TDR patients. Thanks to resistance testing, 83% of the patients with TDR who started therapy had undetectable viral load whereas half of the patients would likely have received a suboptimal therapy without this test. In conclusion, TDR remained stable and a NNRTI up-and-down trend was observed. While the presence of clusters with TDR is worrying, we could not identify an independent, non-sequence based predictor for TDR or transmission clusters with TDR that could help with guidelines or public health measures

A Study from Slovakia on the Transfer of Slovak Companies to Tax Havens and Their Impact on the Sustainability of the Status of a Business Entity

The main aim of this paper is to provide empirical evidence about profit-shifting to selected tax havens by Slovak companies. This contribution focused on the very rare evidence of use of tax havens by Slovak companies not only in the field of corporate income tax, but also in selected areas of profitability. Two sources of data were used. Lists of Slovak companies with tax haven links were provided by the company, Bisnode, and financial statements of investigated companies were gained from the Finstat database. Based on the available data, the investigated period was between 2008 and 2016. We statistically tested selected indicators (ETR, taxes per assets, ROE, ROA, and ROS) of Slovak companies with direct ownership links to tax havens compared to their counterparts. Our findings suggest that Slovak companies with an ownership link to tax havens pay significantly lower taxes compared to companies without ownership links to tax havens during the period monitored. The aggressive tax planning was not only confirmed by the significantly lower reported values of ETR and taxes per assets, but also by the lower values of ROA. On the one side, Slovak companies with ownership links to midshore tax havens had the highest values of ROE, ROA, and ROS, but on the other side, these Slovak companies reported the highest ETR among the appointed categories (onshore, midshore, and offshore). The lowest taxes paid per unit of total assets were found in Slovak companies with ownership links to onshore tax havens. The analysis was supplemented by the changes of the selected indicators before and after obtaining an ownership link to a tax haven

New species of Eublaberus Hebard, 1920, new records for the genus and description of the male of E. variegatus R. S. Albuquerque, 1972 (Blaberidae, Blaberinae)

A new species of Eublaberus (E. serranus sp. nov), also a new record for the genus in Southern Brazil, is described based on the male genitalia. The name Eublaberus variegata is corrected to Eublaberus variegatus Rocha e Silva Albuquerque, and the male of the species is described. Illustrations of the genitalia of the two species mentioned are presented and a key to species is also given