Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis in a Horse

Planocelularni karcinom predstavlja najčešću neoplazmu penisa i prepucija kod konja i čini 67,5% do 85,4% genitalnih neoplazmi kod muških konja. Najčešće se nalazi kod starijih konja, prosječno u dobi od 17 do 20 godina. Neoplazme penisa i prepucija u konja predstavljaju dijagnostički i terapijski izazov jer lezije mogu biti prisutne dulje vrijeme prije pojave kliničkih znakova bolesti, a sama bolest može biti u uznapredovalom stadiju. U ovom radu je opisan patoanatomski i histopatološki nalaz planocelularnog karcinoma penisa u konja pasmine haflinger, starog 23 godine, obduciranog na Zavodu za veterinarsku patologiju Veterinarskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common neoplasm of the penis and prepuce in horses and it comprises 67.5% to 85.4% of genital neoplasms in male horses. It is most often found in older horses, at an average age of 17 to 20 years. Neoplasms of the penis and prepuce in horses represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge because the lesions can be present for a long time before the appearance of clinical signs, and the disease can be in an advanced stage. This report presents the gross and histopathological findings of penile squamous cell carcinoma penis in a Haflinger horse, 23 years old, necropsied at the Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagre

Spororastući osteosarkom lopatice u psa mops pasmine - prikaz slučaja

A scapular bone tumor in a 7-year-old male Pug is described. The Pug accidentally ran into a door six years before and started to limp on his front right leg. A small mass was noticed by the Pug’s owners on his right shoulder which was ignored by the veterinarian. The mass increased in size until it became 9 cm in diameter and the dog was not using his leg occasionally. Finally the dog was referred to the Surgery, Ophthalmology and Orthopedics Clinic for further diagnostics. Following complete clinical and orthopedic examinations, an X-ray of the right scapula was performed and a neoplasia of the scapulae was suspected. A biopsy and histopathological examination was recommended in order to rule out osteosarcoma. The histopathological examination established the diagnosis of a highly productive, osteoblastic osteosarcoma of the right scapula with pulmonary metastasis. Prognosis was unfavorable due to metastases to the lungs evidenced by the X-ray. We report a case concerning an untreated scapular neoplasia with X-ray detectable lung metastases upon presentation at the Clinic. Proper diagnosis should be based on clinical examination, radiograph evaluation of the process and histopathological findings after bone biopsy. Blunt trauma can be a trigger for development of slow growing periosteal osteosarcoma, as described here. Treatment often include subtotal scapulectomy or forequarter amputation with adjuvant chemotherapy. Despite aggressive treatment, scapular osteosarcoma has a poor prognosis with low median survival time and disease free interval in dogs. Unfortunately the Pug’s owners refused the recommended treatment and the dog was euthanized 2 months later.Opisan je tumor lopatice u sedmogodišnjega muškog mopsa. Kao štene, slučajno je naletio na vrata i počeo šepati na prednju desnu nogu. Vlasnici su primijetili malu tvorbu, oteklinu na desnoj lopatici koju je veterinar ignorirao. Tvorba se s godinama povećavala do veličine od 9 cm u promjeru, a pas je povremeno šepao. Nakon kliničkog i ortopedskog pregleda te rendgenografskog oslikavanja desne lopatice posumnjalo se na neoplaziju lopatice. Preporučena je biopsija i histopatološka pretraga tvorbe kako bi se potvrdila sumnja na osteosarkom. Histopatološki nalaz upućivao je na vrlo produktivan, osteoblastični osteosarkom desne lopatice s plućnim metastazama. Prognoza je bila nepovoljna zbog rendgenografski dokazanih metastaza na plućima Kao što je ovdje opisano, trauma može biti okidač za razvoj spororastućeg periostalnog osteosarcoma, a pravilno dijagnosticiranje treba temeljiti na kliničkom pregledu, rendgenografskoj procjeni procesa i histopatološkom nalazu. Liječenje osteosarkoma lopatice često uključuje potpunu skapulektomiju ili amputaciju prednje noge s odgovarajućom kemoterapijom. Unatoč agresivnom liječenju, skapularni osteosarkom ima lošu prognozu, s niskim srednjim vremenom preživljenja i kratkim razdobljem bez bolesti u pasa. Nažalost, vlasnici mopsa odbili su preporučeno liječenje i pas je nakon dva mjeseca eutanaziran

Klinička slika i fenotipska obilježja jakih kavitatornih lezija u mozgu pasa - prikaz slučaja.

Marked lateral ventricular enlargement associated with atrophic cerebral cortex is described in three dogs. In case 1 (Irish terrier) and case 2 (German shepherd), hydranencephaly was diagnosed and it was characterized by the complete loss of cerebral hemispheres, leaving only about 2 mm of brain tissue that encircled fluid filled sacs. Clinically, the Irish terrier showed only sleepines and retroflexion of the head during sleeping, while the German shepherd showed no neurological or any other symptoms. In the third case (English setter), internal hydrocephalus was found, probably secondary to the severe periventricular lesions characterized by neutrophilic/mononuclear cell infiltration. This lesion was diagnosed as hydrocephalus associated with periventricular encephalitis, and this dog showed more severe neurological symptoms, such as: somnolence, opisthotonus, rigor of muscles due to seizures, poor eye-sight, stager, ataxia, and unresponsivness to vocalisation. In all cases, no infectious agent or specific cause was determined.Vrlo jako proširenje lateralnih moždanih klijetki praćeno s jakom atrofijom moždane kore prikazano je kod tri psa. U prvom slučaju (irski terijer) i drugom slučaju (njemački ovčar) opisana je hidranencefalija karakterizirana potpunim gubitkom moždanih polutki ostavljajući samo oko 2 mm moždanog tkiva što predstavlja tekućinom ispunjene vreće. Klinički je irski terijer pokazivao samo pospanost i retrofleksiju glave tijekom spavanja, a njemački ovčar nije pokazivao neurološke ni druge znakove bolesti. U trećem slučaju (engleski seter), unutarnji hidrocefalus vjerojatno je bio sekundaran zbog teškog periventrikularnog oštećenja karakteriziranog neutrofilnim/mononuklearnim staničnim infiltratom. Ta je lezija dijagnosticirana kao hidrocefalus povezan s periventrikularnim encefalitisom, a pas je pokazivao teške neurološke znakove kao što su pospanost, opistotonus, grčevi mišića, poteškoće s vidom, vrtoglavica, ataksija i nereagiranje na zvučne podražaje. U sva tri slučaja nije utvrđen infekciozni ni drugi specifičan uzrok

Blunt force trauma in the violent death of a dog

Znatan udio predmeta sudskoveterinarskih vještačenja jesu ozljede uzrokovane mehaničkim silama, među kojima su najčešće traume glave. Često se radi o teškim ozljedama koje naposljetku rezultiraju smrću životinje te su uzrokovane nasilnim, a manjim udjelom nesretnim slučajevima zbog čega im se pridaje posebna važnost. Tupe traume glave obilježene su krvarenjima unutar parenhima mozga, između mozgovnih ovojnica, ozljedama moždanog tkiva povezanih s prijelomima lubanje te ozljedama ostalih tkiva glave koje mogu ozbiljno ugroziti život. U prikazanom slučaju određeno je sudskoveterinarsko vještačenje lešine psa za koju se sumnja da je do smrti došlo tijekom borbe pasa. Obdukcijom su nađene ozljede glave, za koje se smatra da su ujedno bile i smrtonosne, te prsnog koša uzrokovane tupim silama, što odbacuje činjenicu da je uzrok uginuća bila borba pasa. Stoga je u ovakvim ili sličnim slučajeva nužno ustanoviti dinamiku nastanka i međusobnu povezanost uočenih ozljeda kako bi se razjasnile okolnosti događaja i pomoglo u pronalaženju počinitelja.A significant proportion of forensic veterinary expertise involves injuries caused by mechanical forces, among which the most common is blunt head trauma. Often, these are injuries that lead to death, and are caused by violence, and less often by accidents, which gives them special significance. Blunt force trauma can result in bleeding in the brain parenchyma, between the meninges, brain tissue injuries associated with skull fractures, and other injuries of the head tissues which may be life-threatening. In the case presented, a forensic veterinary expertise panel determined the cause of death of a dog as occurring in a dog fight. During the autopsy, injuries to the head were found, which were lethal, and injuries of the chest caused by blunt force trauma, which refutes the notion that the cause of the death was a dog fight. Therefore, in this or similar cases, it is necessary to establish the dynamics of the origin and interconnection between the injuries observed, in order to be able to shed light on how they occurred, and help find the offender

Blunt force trauma in the violent death of a dog

Znatan udio predmeta sudskoveterinarskih vještačenja jesu ozljede uzrokovane mehaničkim silama, među kojima su najčešće traume glave. Često se radi o teškim ozljedama koje naposljetku rezultiraju smrću životinje te su uzrokovane nasilnim, a manjim udjelom nesretnim slučajevima zbog čega im se pridaje posebna važnost. Tupe traume glave obilježene su krvarenjima unutar parenhima mozga, između mozgovnih ovojnica, ozljedama moždanog tkiva povezanih s prijelomima lubanje te ozljedama ostalih tkiva glave koje mogu ozbiljno ugroziti život. U prikazanom slučaju određeno je sudskoveterinarsko vještačenje lešine psa za koju se sumnja da je do smrti došlo tijekom borbe pasa. Obdukcijom su nađene ozljede glave, za koje se smatra da su ujedno bile i smrtonosne, te prsnog koša uzrokovane tupim silama, što odbacuje činjenicu da je uzrok uginuća bila borba pasa. Stoga je u ovakvim ili sličnim slučajeva nužno ustanoviti dinamiku nastanka i međusobnu povezanost uočenih ozljeda kako bi se razjasnile okolnosti događaja i pomoglo u pronalaženju počinitelja.A significant proportion of forensic veterinary expertise involves injuries caused by mechanical forces, among which the most common is blunt head trauma. Often, these are injuries that lead to death, and are caused by violence, and less often by accidents, which gives them special significance. Blunt force trauma can result in bleeding in the brain parenchyma, between the meninges, brain tissue injuries associated with skull fractures, and other injuries of the head tissues which may be life-threatening. In the case presented, a forensic veterinary expertise panel determined the cause of death of a dog as occurring in a dog fight. During the autopsy, injuries to the head were found, which were lethal, and injuries of the chest caused by blunt force trauma, which refutes the notion that the cause of the death was a dog fight. Therefore, in this or similar cases, it is necessary to establish the dynamics of the origin and interconnection between the injuries observed, in order to be able to shed light on how they occurred, and help find the offender

A case of mycobacteriosis in farmed pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) cultured in a recirculating aquaculture system

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Uginuća kitova uzrokovana ribolovom i ingestijom morskog otpada u hrvatskom dijelu Jadranskoga mora tijekom razdoblja od 1990. do 2019

Various anthropogenic threats negatively influence the survival of cetaceans in all world seas. Thanks to a long- running marine mammal surveillance program, we are able to report the results of a detailed analysis of the influence of cetacean-fisheries interactions and marine litter ingestion on cetacean mortality in the Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea over the last three decades. The total number of dead cetaceans was 459, and included 334 bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), 40 striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba), ten Risso’s dolphins (Grampus griseus), six Cuvier’s beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) and four fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus). Three hundred of them were examined postmortally. Cetacean-fisheries interaction occurred frequently in the Adriatic Sea, being detected in 96 (20.9%) of the recorded cases. Bycatch was the most abundant cetacean-fisheries interaction, with 66 (14.4%) cases recorded. Good nutritional condition and evidence of recent feeding were the most common findings recorded in bycatch cases, followed by persistent froth in the airways, edematous lungs, bruises and an amputated fluke or tail. Cetacean-fisheries interactions other than bycatch affected 30 animals and included larynx strangulations, long- term tail entanglement and fishing gear in the stomach. Ingestion of marine litter that was not related to fisheries was recorded in four animals. This study reveals the considerable negative anthropogenic influence on cetaceans in the Adriatic Sea, especially the bottlenose dolphin that is considered to be the most numerous cetacean species therein, and demonstrates the need for the urgent development of a cetacean bycatch reduction program. Finally, it also shows the importance of sustaining national surveillance programs to gain scientifically based knowledge important for cetacean protection and prospects for their long-term survival.Različiti antropogeni čimbenici negativno utječu na preživljavanje kitova u svim svjetskim morima. U ovom istraživanju prikazujemo utjecaj ribolova i ingestiju morskog otpada na preživljavanje kitova u razdoblju od 1990. do 2019. u hrvatskom dijelu Jadranskoga mora. Analizirani podaci prikupljeni su dugogodišnjim praćenjem stanja morskih sisavaca u ovom području. Ukupan broj nalaza uginulih kitova jest 459 te uključuje 334 dobra dupina (Tursiops truncatus), 40 plavobijela dupina (Stenella coeruleoalba), deset glavatih dupina (Grampus griseus), šest krupnozubih dupina (Ziphius cavirostris) i četiri velika sjeverna kita (Balaenoptera physalus). Tristo jedinki postmortalno je pregledano. Interakcije kitova i ribolova učestale su u Jadranskome moru s obzirom na to da su utvrđene u 20,9 % uginulih kitova. Ukupan broj dupina stradalih kao slučajan ulov jest 66 (14,4 % svih nalaza). Osrednje gojno stanje i neprobavljeni/poluprobavljeni plijen u želucu najučestaliji su nalazi u dupina stradalih kao slučajan ulov. Od ostalih nalaza ističu se pjena u dišnim putevima, edematozna pluća, podljevi te odrezana repna peraja ili cijeli rep. Interakcije kitova i ribolova koje se ne smatraju slučajnim ulovom opisane su u 30 jedinki i uključuju strangulaciju grkljana, dugotrajan zapletaj repa i ribolovni alat u želucu. Ingestija morskog otpada utvrđena je u četiri jedinke. Ovo istraživanje potvrđuje negativan antropogeni utjecaj na kitove u Jadranskome moru, osobito na dobrog dupina, te upućuje na potrebu hitnog razvoja mjera za smanjenje broja dupina stradalih kao slučajan ulov. Ono također ističe važnost nacionalnih protokola za praćenje kitova kao izvora znanstvenih podataka potrebnih za predlaganje i provedbu mjera zaštite koje će povećati izglede za njihovo dugoročno preživljavanje

Klinički i patološki nalazi kod pojave Tyzzerove bolesti u kunića u Hrvatskoj

Clinical and pathological findings found during an outbreak of Tyzzer’s disease in a rabbit colony in Croatia are described in this paper. The disease occurred in young rabbits, approximately 50 days old. Over a period of six months, 148 weaned rabbits from a total group of 1753 weaned animals died with symptoms of severe gastrointestinal disease. The main clinical signs observed were diarrhea, abdominal distension, anorexia, weight loss and apathy. Five weaned rabbits were examined at the Department of Pathology of Veterinary Faculty. In all necropsied animals severe entero-hepatic lesions were seen characterized by disseminated hepatic focal necroses and transmural necrotic typhlitis. Only one animal had necrotic myocarditis. For histopathology the tissue blocks were sectioned in 5μm thick sections and stained using HE, PAS, GMS and the Giemsa method. Immunohistochemistry using anti-Clostridium piliforme RT and MSK strains reacted positively within the hepatocytes and intestine. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay (liver and caecum) amplified the 196-bp DNA fragment specifi c to 16S ribosomal RNA of C. piliforme. This is the first confirmed and described case of Tyzzer’s disease in rabbits in Croatia.U radu su opisani klinički i patološki nalazi Tyzzerove bolesti u jednom uzgoju kunića u Hrvatskoj. Bolest se pojavila u mladih kunića prosječne dobi od 50 dana. U razdoblju od 6 mjeseci uginulo je 148 odbijenih kunića od ukupno 1753 životinje sa znakovima jake gastrointestinalne bolesti. Glavni su klinički znaci bili proljev, proširenje trbuha, anoreksija, gubitak težine i apatija. U Zavodu za opću patologiju i patološku morfologiju Veterinarskoga fakulteta bilo je pregledano pet životinja. Na razudbi su u svih životinja utvrđene jake enterohepatične lezije karakterizirane diseminiranim fokalnim nekrozama po jetrima i nekrotičnom upalom cijele stijenke slijepoga crijeva. U jedne životinje je utvrđen i nekrotični miokarditis. Za patohistološku pretragu uklopljena tkiva rezana su u rezove debljine 5 μm i bojena HE, PAS, GMS i Giemsa metodom. Imunohistokemijska reakcija pri upotrebi anti-RT i anti-MSK sojeva antiseruma protiv Clostridium piliforme bila je pozitivna unutar hepatocita i crijeva (Dr. S. Kawamura, Laboratory of Biomedical Science, Dept. of Veterinary Medical Science, University of Tokyo). PCR je pokazao amplifikaciju 196-bp DNA fragmenta specifičnoga za 16S ribosomsku RNA bakterije C. piliforme. Ovo je prvi potvrđeni i opisani slučaj Tyzzerove bolesti u kunića u Hrvatskoj

Nekrotični lipom omentuma kao neuobičajeni uzrok sklerozirajućega inkapsulirajućega peritonitisa u psa - prikaz slučaja.

Solitary or multiple lipomas in dogs may occur almost anywhere in the subcutaneous tissue of the trunk, gluteal region and proximal limbs, although they rarely originate from abdominal fat deposits. In the present report, we describe a case of a massive rupture of necrotic omental lipoma, and free fat release within the abdominal cavity, causing a severe chronic inflammatory reaction of the peritoneum and resulting in sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis of several abdominal organs.Pojedinačni ili višestruki lipomi u pasa mogu se pojaviti gotovo bilo gdje u potkožnom tkivu trupa, glutealne regije te proksimalnih dijelova udova. Lipomi podrijeklom od trbušnoga masnog tkiva izrazito su rijetki. U ovom radu prikazan je slučaj masivne rupture nekrotičnog lipoma omentuma uslijed koje je došlo do curenja slobodne masti u trbušnu šupljinu i pokretanja opsežne kronične upalne reakcije potrbušnice koja je u konačnici rezultirala sklerozirajućim inkapsulirajućim peritonitisom nekoliko trbušnih organa

Tumori cirkumanalnih žlijezdi pasa i epitelno mezenhimska tranzicija: imunohistokemijsko istraživanje

Circumanal gland (CG) tumors are common neoplasms of older dogs. Of these, only circumanal gland carcinomas show clear metastatic potential, and even so metastases seem to be uncommon. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process that facilitates the initial steps of metastasis, and to date it has not been systematically investigated in CG tumors. Insight into the occurrence of this process would be a valuable asset in understanding the biology of these tumors. To test the occurrence of EMT we used three immunohistochemical markers that alter their expression in this process, namely – E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Additionally, we used the Ki-67 marker of proliferation. The samples used consisted of 15 adenomas, 11 epitheliomas, 21 well-differentiated carcinomas, seven poorly differentiated carcinomas, and ten samples of normal CG. The results of N-cadherin were negative for all samples. E-cadherin was highly expressed in all groups, but was slightly lower in semi-malignant and malignant tumors; MMP-9 marking was generally very low, but significantly higher in semi-malignant or malignant tumors when compared to benign or non-neoplastic CG. The index of proliferation (Ki-67) was significantly higher for semi-malignant or malignant CG tumors when compared to benign CG tumors or normal CG. These results show that with an increase in the histologic malignancy of these tumors there is a slight drop in E-cadherin, a slight rise in MMP-9, and a significant increase in Ki-67. Therefore, these results suggest the possibility that EMT occurs within the malignant or even semi-malignant forms of CG tumors, but probably as a rare and late event. Further studies are needed to prove or disprove these statements.Tumori cirkumanalnih žlijezdi su česte neoplazije u starijih pasa. Od ovih, karcinomi cirkumanalnih žlijezdi pokazuju metastatski potencijal koji nije previsok s obzirom da metastaze nisu česte. Epitelno-mezenhimska tranzicija (EMT) je proces koji omogućava početne korake u procesu metastaziranja, a budući da do sada nije bio sistematično istraživan u ovih tumora, znanje o prisutnosti ovog procesa zacijelo bi pomoglo u razumijevanju njihove biologije. Kako bi testirali prisutnost EMT-a, koristili smo tri različita imunohistokemijska biljega čija se ekspresija mijenja u sklopu ovog procesa – to su E-kadherin, N-kadherin i matriksalna metaloproteinsaza-9 (MMP-9). Osim toga, koristili smo i Ki-67 biljeg proliferacije. Uzorci korišteni u radu sastojali su se od 15 adenoma, 11 epitelioma, 21 dobro diferenciranog karcinoma, 7 slabo diferenciranih karcinoma te 10 uzoraka normalnih cirkumanalnih žlijezdi. Markiranje N-kadherinom je bilo negativno u svih uzoraka. E-kadherin je bio visoko eksprimiran u svih istraživanih grupa, sa nešto slabijom ekspresijom u semimalignih i malignih tumora. Markiranje sa MMP-9 je općenito bilo vrlo nisko, no značajno više u semimalignih i malignih tumora kad se usporede sa benignim tumorima ili normalnim cirkumanalnim žlijezdama. Ki-67 proliferacijski indeks je bio znakovito viši za semimaligne i maligne tumore cirkumanalnih žlijezdi kada se usporede sa benignim tumorima cirkumanalnih žlijezdi ili normalnim cirkumanalnim žlijezdama. Rezultati ukazuju da sa porastom histološke malignosti ovih tumora dolazi do blagog pada ekspresije E-kadherina, blagog porasta MMP-9 markera te znakovitog porasta u markiranju sa Ki-67. Navedeno upućuju na mogućnost da unutar malignih ili čak semimalignih tumora ovih žlijezdi dolazi do procesa EMT-a. Ipak, ovaj proces je vjerojatno relativno rijedak te nastupa kasno u fazi razvoja tumora. Stoga su potrebna su daljnja istraživanja kako bi se pretpostavke prihvatile ili odbacile