Effets (sub)individuels et fonctionnels des nanoparticules manufacturées sur des Crustacés Gammaridae

Products incorporating nanoparticles are now ubiquitous in our everyday life. For example, sunscreens, fuel additives or food packaging materials contain nanoparticles which could be released in the aquatic environment during the entire life cycle of the nanoproduct, from its production to its use and aging. Therefore an increase of nanoparticle emissions in the aquatic ecosystems needs to be considered and raises the question about their potential effects on living organisms. The collaborative program ANR P2N – MESONNET (2011- 2015) was focused on the evaluation of the nanoparticle fate (transfer and transformation in media and living organisms) and on their ecotoxicity. The present work took part in this assessment by studying the effects of nanoparticles of silver, titanium and carbon (nanotube) on the Crustaceans Amphipod Gammarus sp.. The experimental approach was designed to assess, in laboratory conditions, the effect of nanoparticles on the gammarids, focusing on biomarker measurements at the (sub)individual level (cellular, physiological, behavioral) and on some parameters related to their functional roles. Experiments were designed as close as possible to natural conditions using environmentally realistic contamination scenario: exposure in a complex media (natural water from river) to low nanoparticle concentrations and with food. In this context, the effects of nAg were investigated in three gammarids species and results revealed a higher sensibility of G. roeseli, for which exposure induced a decrease of the locomotor activity and of the production of fine particles of organic matter (FPOM). At the physiological level, an increase of the oxygen consumption was observed in gammarids exposed to nAg, despite a stability observed for the studied markers of energetic metabolism. The oxygen consumption was correlated with the silver concentration measured in the organisms, and also with the tested nanoparticle sizes. The influence of the nanoparticle forms (nAg: plate triangular and spherical; nTiO2: cubic and rod-shaped) and of the organic matter (CNT) was studied in mesocosms by focusing mainly on cellular indicators (energetic storage, antioxidant response, damage…) and individual ones (osmoregulation, ventilation and locomotion). The obtained results suggest form-dependent effects of nanoparticles. This work shows the interest of a coupled approach using ecological and ecotoxicological endpoints to better understand the effects of nanoparticles on freshwater ecosystemsQu’il s’agisse de crèmes solaires, d’additifs à carburant ou d’emballages alimentaires, ces produits d’utilisation courante contiennent des nanoparticules, et l’ensemble des processus de leur production, utilisation et vieillissement conduit à un relargage direct ou non dans les milieux aquatiques. Le rejet accru de nanoparticules dans les écosystèmes d’eau douce est donc à prendre en considération et soulève la question de leurs effets potentiels sur les organismes y vivant. Le programme collaboratif ANR P2N – MESONNET (2011 – 2015) s’est attaché à décrire le devenir des nanoparticules (transfert et transformation dans les milieux et dans les organismes vivants) ainsi qu’à déterminer leur écotoxicité. Le travail présenté dans ce manuscrit a pris part à cette évaluation en étudiant les effets de nanoparticules d’argent, de titane et de carbone (nanotubes) sur des Crustacés Amphipodes appartenant au genre Gammarus. L’approche expérimentale mise en œuvre a cherché à évaluer, en laboratoire, l’effet sur les gammares de l’exposition aux nanoparticules en focalisant sur des biomarqueurs mesurés au niveau (sub)individuel (cellulaire, physiologique, comportemental) et sur des paramètres ayant trait à leur rôle fonctionnel dans les écosystèmes. La démarche s’est voulue la plus proche possible des conditions naturelles en envisageant des scénarios de contamination environnementalement réalistes : exposition dans un milieu complexe (eau prélevée dans le milieu naturel) à de faibles concentrations en nanoparticules et en présence de nourriture. Dans ce contexte, l’étude des effets des nAg sur trois espèces de gammares a révélé une plus forte sensibilité de G. roeseli, chez lequel l’exposition a engendré une réduction de l’activité locomotrice et de la production de fines particules de matière organique (FPOM). Sur le plan physiologique, une augmentation de la consommation en oxygène a été observée chez des gammares exposés aux nAg, et ce, malgré une stabilité de réponse des marqueurs du métabolisme énergétique étudiés. La consommation en oxygène s’est avérée corrélée aux concentrations en argent mesurées dans les organismes, ainsi qu’à la taille des nanoparticules testées. L’influence de la forme des nanoparticules (nAg : triangulaires plates et sphériques ; nTiO2 : cubiques ou en bâtonnets) et de la présence de matière organique (NTC) a été étudiée en mésocosmes, en ciblant principalement des indicateurs cellulaires (réserve énergétique, réponse antioxydante, dommage...) et individuels (osmorégulation, ventilation et locomotion). Les résultats obtenus suggèrent des effets dépendants de la forme des nanoparticules. L’ensemble de ces travaux souligne l’intérêt d’une double approche, écologique et écotoxicologique, permettant de mieux appréhender les effets des nanoparticules sur les écosystèmes d’eau douc

Impacts of environmentally realistic silver nanoparticle exposure on Gammarus roeseli (Crustacea Amphipoda) from individual to functional levels

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Effet des nanoparticules sur Gammarus sp (Amphipoda) et sur ses performances fonctionnelles

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Assessing the effects of silver nanoparticles on the ecophysiology and ecology of Gammarus roeseli

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MultiXenobiotic Resistance (MXR) vs Nanoparticles: is MXR a good biomarker of exposure? A study with zebra mussels and gammarids exposed to silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles

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Assessing the effects of silver nanoparticles on the ecophysiology of Gammarus roeseli

International audienceBeing part of the macrobenthic fauna, gammarids are efficient indicators of contamination of aquatic ecosystems by nanoparticles that are likely to sediment on the bottom. The present study investigates the effects of silver nanoparticles (nAg) on ecophysiological functions in Gammarus roeseli by using a realistic scenario of contamination. Indeed, an experiment was conducted during 72 h, assessing the effects of 5 silver nAg from 10 to 100 nm diluted at concentrations of maximum 5 µg L − 1 in a natural water retrieved from a stream and supplemented with food. The measured endpoints in gammarids were survival, silver concentrations in tissues, consumption of oxygen and ventilation of gills. Additionally, a set of biomarkers of the energetic metabolism was measured. After a 72-h exposure, results showed a concentration-dependent increase of silver levels in G. roeseli that was significant for the smallest nAg size (10 nm). Ecophysiological responses in G. roeseli were affected and the most striking effect was a concentration-dependent increase in oxygen consumption especially for the smallest nAg (10 to 40 nm), whereas ventilation of gills by gammarids was not changed. The potential mechanisms underlying these findings are discussed. Thus, we demonstrated the very low exposure concentration of 0.5 µg L − 1 for the small nAg size led to significant ecophysiological effects reinforcing the need to further investigate subtle effects on nanoparticles on aquatic organisms

Nanoparticules : comment évaluer leurs effets potentiels sur les milieux aquatiques ? Synthèse des avancées du programme MESONNET

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Ecotoxicity of environmentally realistic silver nanoparticle concentrations: from individual to functional impacts on Gammarus sp (Amphipoda)

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Individual and functional impacts of environmentally realistic silver nanoparticle exposures on Gammarus sp (Amphipoda)

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Silver nanoparticles impact the functional role of Gammarus roeseli (Crustacea Amphipoda)

International audienceSilver nanoparticles (nAg) are widely used in consumer products and the risk associated with their potential release into freshwater ecosystems needs to be addressed using environmentally realistic exposure concentrations. Here, the effects of low concentrations (0.5–5 μg L−1) of two different sized nAg (10 and 60 nm) and a silver nitrate positive control were evaluated in Gammarus roeseli following exposure for 72 h. Cellular, individual and functional endpoints were independently studied and the most striking results were reported for functional endpoints. Indeed, without a change in their feeding activity, the gammarids produced significantly fewer fine particles of organic matter when exposed to nAg, even at 0.5 μg L-1 of 10 nm nAg. These functional endpoints seem to be efficient markers for detecting the early effects of nAg on G. roeseli