When <I>imam </I>perfect �becomes� a past.

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The case system of the Vilamovicean adjective – from description to explanation

The present paper offers a detailed description and analysis of the adjectival declensional patterns in the Modern Vilamovicean language. Modern Vilamovicean possesses six declensional patterns, restricted to distinct environments, that, from a morphological perspective, form a continuum ranging from a strong declension (classes 1, 2 and 3) to a weak one (class 6), through intermediate mixed paradigms (classes 4 and 5). Nowadays, only the mixed and weak classes are productive and common. If compared with Classical Vilamovicean, the adjectival declension has suffered a process of syncretism and decay, evolving towards a two-case marking: nominative vs. accusative-dative in the masculine singular and  ominativeaccusative vs. dative elsewhere. Thus, the adjectival morphological case marking is more effective than in the nominal system (where no case distinction is usually made), but less successful than in the pronominal system (where a three-case distinction predominates). Within a typological-grammaticalisation framework, the inflectional organisation of Vilamovicean adjectives can be defined as an advanced case system.Keywords: Germanic linguistics, endangered languages, case system, adjective, language chang

Materials for the Vilamovicean Dictionary ? the letter Z

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Making it sound � Performative <I>qatal </I>and its explanation.

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Future values of the qatal and their conceptual and diachronic logic: How to chain future senses of the qatal to the core of its semantic network.

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Qotel and its dynamics. Part 1

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The Basse Mandinka �Future�.

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The KA&#330; verbal form in Basse Mandinka � structure and meaning.

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Description of the semantic potential of the si-construction in Basse Mandinka

The present paper provides a detailed description of the semantic potential offered by the si-construction in Basse Mandinka (a regional variety of the Gambian Mandinka language), by enumerating all temporal, aspectual, taxis and modal values which this verbal form may convey. The study demonstrates that the si-construction offers a wide range of senses. Most commonly, the construction introduces the idea of futurity, regularly accompanied by modal tones of necessity and obligation. More specifically, in the first person, it expresses desires and promises, obligation and necessity, as well as, permission and deliberation; in the second person, it functions as an imperative; and in the third person, it approximates the category of a jussive. The si-construction also introduces modal ideas of obligation and necessity situated in a past time frame, being additionally able to function as a future in the past category. The si-construction can likewise convey the sense of epistemic possibility with no evident future undertones. Finally, it can denote present habitual and customary activities. A profoundly modal nature of the si-construction additionally justifies its common use with the verb noo "be able, can". In such cases, it introduces various modal nuances, typically bereaved of any future sense.Keywords: African linguistics; Mande family; Mandinka; verbal system; lexical semantic

The meaning of the <I>NAATA </I>+ infinitive construction in Basse Mandinka.

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