Perfil dos fumantes que não buscam tratamento para deixar de fumar, município do Rio de Janeiro

It is essential to understand that not all smokers are equal, and that certain smokers need to be "won" as "potential clients" of an intervention program aimed at addressing their specific needs. Thus, the objective of the article was to compare the profile of smokers recruited for a smoking cessation clinical trial with that of the general smoking population in the city of Rio de Janeiro, in the years 2002-2003. Heterogeneities observed may indicate the need for adopting different recruitment strategies, associated with the existing interventions, to encourage as many and as diverse eligible individuals as possible.É fundamental compreender que os fumantes não são iguais e que determinados fumantes precisam ser conquistados como "potenciais clientes" de programas de intervenção voltados às suas necessidades específicas. O objetivo do estudo foi comparar os perfis de fumantes recrutados para um estudo de intervenção para cessação de fumar com os da população geral de fumantes no município do Rio de Janeiro, nos anos 2002-2003. As heterogeneidades encontradas indicam que diferentes estratégias de captação associadas às intervenções existentes devem ser elaboradas para motivar o maior e mais diversificado número possível de indivíduos elegíveis

Determinantes dos níveis de cotinina salivar: um estudo de base populacional no Brasil

OBJECTIVE: A cross-sectional population-based study was conducted to assess, in active smokers, the relationship of number of cigarettes smoked and other characteristics to salivary cotinine concentrations. METHODS: A random sample of active smokers aged 15 years or older was selected using a stepwise cluster sample strategy, in the year 2000 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The study included 401 subjects. Salivary cotinine concentration was determined using gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection. A standard questionnaire was used to collect demographic and smoking behavioral data. The relation between the number of cigarettes smoked in the last 24h and cotinine level was examined by means of a nonparametric fitting technique of robust locally weighted regression. RESULTS: Significantly (p;40 ng/mL per cigarette were excluded. CONCLUSIONS: There was found a positive association between self-reporting smoking five minutes after waking up, and inhaling more than ½ the time are consistent and higher cotinine levels. These can be markers of dependence and higher nicotine intake. Salivary cotinine proved to be a useful biomarker of recent smoking and can be used in epidemiological studies and smoking cessation programs.OBJETIVO: Realizou-se um estudo transversal para analisar a relação entre número de cigarros fumados e outras características com a concentração de cotinina salivar entre fumantes. MÉTODOS: Fumantes ativos de 15 anos ou mais foram selecionados por meio de amostra probabilística em múltiplos estágios no ano 2000, município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. O estudo incluiu 401 fumantes. A concentração de cotinina salivar foi determinada utilizando-se cromatografia gasosa com detector de nitrogênio/fósforo. Coletaram-se informações demográficas e sobre o comportamento tabágico utilizando-se questionário padronizado. A relação entre o número de cigarros fumados nas últimas 24h e o nível de cotinina foi analisada utilizando técnica não paramétrica baseada em regressões robustas locais ponderadas. RESULTADOS: O nível médio ajustado de cotinina foi significativamente (

ERICA: prevalência de tabagismo em adolescentes brasileiros

OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalences of tobacco use, tobacco experimentation, and frequent smoking among Brazilian adolescents. METHODS We evaluated participants of the cross-sectional, nation-wide, school-based Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA), which included 12- to 17-year-old adolescents from municipalities of over 100 thousand inhabitants. The study sample had a clustered, stratified design and was representative of the whole country, its geographical regions, and all 27 state capitals. The information was obtained with self-administered questionnaires. Tobacco experimentation was defined as having tried cigarettes at least once in life. Adolescents who had smoked on at least one day over the previous 30 days were considered current cigarette smokers. Having smoked cigarettes for at least seven consecutive days was an indicator for regular consumption of tobacco. Considering the complex sampling design, prevalences and 95% confidence intervals were estimated according to sociodemographic and socio-environmental characteristics. RESULTS We evaluated 74,589 adolescents. Among these, 18.5% (95%CI 17.7-19.4) had smoked at least once in life, 5.7% (95%CI 5.3-6.2) smoked at the time of the research, and 2.5% (95%CI 2.2-2.8) smoked often. Adolescents aged 15 to 17 years had higher prevalences for all indicators than those aged 12 to 14 years. The prevalences did not differ significantly between sexes. The highest prevalences were found in the South region and the lowest ones, in the Northeast region. Regardless of sex, the prevalences were found to be higher for adolescents who had had paid jobs, who lived with only one parent, and who reported having been in contact with smokers either inside or outside their homes. Female public school adolescents were found to smoke more than the ones from private schools. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco use among adolescents is still a challenge. Intending to reduce the prevalence of tobacco use among young people, especially the ones under socioeconomic vulnerability conditions, Brazil must consolidate and increase effective public health care measures.OBJETIVO Estimar as prevalências de tabagismo, experimentação e fumo frequente em adolescentes brasileiros. MÉTODOS Foram avaliados os participantes do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA), estudo transversal de base escolar e abrangência nacional. Participaram adolescentes de 12 a 17 anos de municípios com mais de 100 mil habitantes. A amostra foi estratificada e conglomerada e tem representatividade nacional, regional e para as 27 capitais. As informações foram obtidas usando-se questionário autopreenchível. Experimentação foi definida como: ter experimentado cigarros alguma vez na vida. Foram considerados fumantes atuais de cigarros aqueles que fumaram pelo menos um dia nos últimos 30 dias. Utilizou-se como indicador de uso frequente de tabaco ter fumado cigarros por pelo menos sete dias seguidos. Considerando-se o desenho complexo da amostra, prevalências e intervalos de confiança de 95% foram estimados segundo características sociodemográficas e socioambientais. RESULTADOS Foram avaliados 74.589 adolescentes; dentre esses, 18,5% (IC95% 17,7-19,4) fumaram pelo menos uma vez na vida, 5,7% (IC95% 5,3-6,2) fumavam no momento da pesquisa e 2,5% (IC95% 2,2-2,8) fumavam com frequência. Adolescentes de 15 a 17 anos tiveram prevalências mais elevadas de todos os indicadores comparados aos de 12 a 14 anos. As prevalências não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre sexos. Maiores prevalências foram observadas na região Sul e menores na região Nordeste. Independentemente de sexo, as prevalências foram maiores para adolescentes que tinham tido trabalho remunerado, nos que não moravam com os dois pais e que referiram ter tido contato com fumante em casa ou fora. Adolescentes do sexo feminino de escolas públicas fumavam mais do que as de escolas privadas. CONCLUSÕES O tabagismo entre adolescentes ainda é um desafio. Visando a redução da prevalência de tabagismo entre jovens, em especial os que se encontram em situação de vulnerabilidade socioeconômica, o Brasil deve consolidar e ampliar medidas de saúde pública efetivas

Path analysis of warning label effects on negative emotions and quit attempts: a longitudinal study of smokers in Australia, Canada, Mexico, and the US

BackgroundCigarette pack health warning labels can elicit negative emotions among smokers, yet little is known about how these negative emotions influence behavior change.ObjectiveGuided by psychological theories emphasizing the role of emotions on risk concern and behavior change, we investigated whether smokers who reported stronger negative emotional responses when viewing warnings reported stronger responses to warnings in daily life and were more likely to try to quit at follow-up.MethodsWe analyzed data from 5439 adult smokers from Australia, Canada, Mexico, and the US, who were surveyed every four months from September 2012 to September 2014. Participants were shown warnings already implemented on packs in their country and reported negative emotional responses (i.e., fear, disgust, worry), which were averaged (range = 1 to 9). Country-stratified logistic and linear generalized estimating equations were used to analyze the effect of negative emotional responses on self-reported responses to warnings in daily life (i.e., attention, risk concern, avoidance of warnings, forgoing planned cigarettes) and quit attempts at follow-up. Models were adjusted for socio-demographic and smoking-related characteristics, survey wave, and the number of prior surveys answered.ResultsSmokers who reported stronger negative emotions were more likely to make quit attempts at follow-up (Adjusted ORs ranged from 1.09 [95% CI 1.04 to 1.14] to 1.17 [95% CI 1.12 to 1.23]; p < .001) than those who reported lower negative emotions. This relationship was mediated through attention to warnings and behavioral responses to warnings. There was no significant interaction of negative emotions with self-efficacy or nicotine dependence.ConclusionNegative emotions elicited by warnings encourage behavior change, promoting attention to warnings and behavioral responses that positively predict quit attempts