Total lipids (mg/g of dry tissue) in muscle, subcutaneous adipose tissue and liver of female and male muskoxen (<i>Ovibos moschatos</i>) in West Greenland.

<p>Total lipids (mg/g of dry tissue) in muscle, subcutaneous adipose tissue and liver of female and male muskoxen (<i>Ovibos moschatos</i>) in West Greenland.</p

Estimated stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity indices (SCD_i) computed from product/substrate ratios computed with the fatty acids in muscle or subcutaneous tissue.

<p>SCDi-14, (14:1/(14:1+14:0)*100); SCDi-16, (16:1/(16:1+16:0)*100); SCDi-17, (17:1/(17:1+17:0)*100); SCDi-18, (18:1/(18:1+18:0)*100).</p

Sampling of muskox (<i>Ovibos moschatus</i>) tissues.

<p>A–Map of Greenland indicating the Kangerlussuaq region where the animals were harvested; B–Muskox carcass after skinning and evisceration. Photograph by K. Raundrup.</p

Partial gas-liquid chromatogram of the branched chain fatty acid region of the fat tail in Damara Ram lambs.

<p>Peak identification: 1) 10:0; 2) 10:0-4Me and 10:0–6Me; 3) 11:0; 4) 11:0–4Me; 5) 11:0–4,8Me; 6) 12:0; 7) 12:0–4Me; 8) 12:0–8Me; 9) 12:0–4,8Me; 10) 13:0; 11) 13:0–6Me; 12) 13:0–4Me; 13) i–14:0; 14) 13:0–4,8Me; 15) 14:0–2Me; 16) 14:0; 17) 14:0–6Me; 18) 14:0–8Me; 19) 14:0–4Me; 20) 14:0–10Me; 21) i-15:0; 22) 14:0–2,6Me; 23) a-15:0; 24) 14:1<i>cis-</i>9; 25) 15:0; 26) 15:0–8Me; 27) 15:0–4Me; 28) i-16:0; 29) 16:0–2Me; 30) 16:0; 31) 16:0–6Me; 32) 16:0–8Me; 33) 16:0–4Me; 34) 16:0–12Me; 35) i-17:0; 36) 16:1<i>cis-</i>7; 37) 16:1<i>cis-</i>9 and a-17:0; 38) 17:0; 39) 17:0–12Me; 40) i-18:0; 41) 17:1cis-9. Abbreviations: BTH, Butylated hydroxytoluene; Me, methyl; i, iso; a, anteiso.</p

Effect of feed restriction on the growth and fat tail in Damara ram lambs.

<p>Effect of feed restriction on the growth and fat tail in Damara ram lambs.</p

Electron impact mass spectra of the: A) 16:0–4Me; B) 16:0–6Me; C) 16:0–8Me; and D) 12:0–4,8Me branched chain fatty acids in the fat tail of Damara Ram lambs.

<p>Electron impact mass spectra of the: A) 16:0–4Me; B) 16:0–6Me; C) 16:0–8Me; and D) 12:0–4,8Me branched chain fatty acids in the fat tail of Damara Ram lambs.</p

Damara fat tailed sheep.

<p>A) Damara, Dorper and Australian Merino rams at the initial stages of the feeding trial. Notice the characteristic hanging fat tail of the ram up front. B) Several aspects of the fat tail in several of the Damara rams used in this trial. C) In the first plane, brown Damara ram.</p

Effect of feed restriction in the fatty acid composition (% of total fatty acids) of the fat tail in Damara ram lambs.

<p>Abbreviations: Me, methyl; BCFA, branched-chain fatty acids; BI, biohydrogenation intermediates, include total C18 FA minus 18:0, 18:1<i>cis-</i>9, 18:1<i>cis-</i>11, 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3.</p

The Goat (<i>Capra hircus</i>) Mammary Gland Mitochondrial Proteome: A Study on the Effect of Weight Loss Using Blue-Native PAGE and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis

<div><p>Seasonal weight loss (SWL) is the most important limitation to animal production in the Tropical and Mediterranean regions, conditioning producer’s incomes and the nutritional status of rural communities. It is of importance to produce strategies to oppose adverse effects of SWL. Breeds that have evolved in harsh climates have acquired tolerance to SWL through selection. Most of the factors determining such ability are related to changes in biochemical pathways as affected by SWL. In this study, a gel based proteomics strategy (BN: Blue-Native Page and 2DE: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis) was used to characterize the mitochondrial proteome of the secretory tissue of the goat mammary gland. In addition, we have conducted an investigation of the effects of weight loss in two goat breeds with different levels of adaptation to nutritional stress: Majorera (tolerant) and Palmera (susceptible). The study used Majorera and Palmera dairy goats, divided in 4 sets, 2 for each breed: underfed group fed on wheat straw (restricted diet, so their body weight would be 15–20% reduced by the end of experiment), and a control group fed with an energy-balanced diet. At the end of the experimental period (22 days), mammary gland biopsies were obtained for all experimental groups. The proteomic analysis of the mitochondria enabled the resolution of a total of 277 proteins, and 148 (53%) were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. Some of the proteins were identified as subunits of the glutamate dehydrogenase complex and the respiratory complexes I, II, IV, V from mitochondria, as well as numerous other proteins with functions in: metabolism, development, localization, cellular organization and biogenesis, biological regulation, response to stimulus, among others, that were mapped in both BN and 2DE gels. The comparative proteomics analysis enabled the identification of several proteins: NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa subunit and lamin B1 mitochondrial (up-regulated in the Palmera breed), Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-2 (up-regulated in the Majorera breed) and cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 1, mitochondrial and Chain D, Bovine F1-C8 Sub-Complex Of Atp Synthase (down-regulated in the Majorera breed) as a consequence of weight loss.</p></div

Partial gas-liquid chromatograms of the branched chain fatty acid region of gastrocnemius muscle samples of Damara, Merino and Dorper Ram lambs, before and after hydrogenation of the unsaturated fatty acids.

<p>Peak identification: 1) 16:0; 2) 16:0–6Me; 3) 16:0–8Me; 4) DMA-17:0; 5) 16:0–4Me; 6) 16:0–12Me; 7) i-17:0; 8) 16:1<i>cis-</i>7; 9) 16:1<i>cis-</i>9; 10) a-17:0; 11) 17:0.</p