Kosten von Arbeitspferden in der landwirtschaftlichen Praxis

Ziel der Studie war es, Daten zu den Kosten für die Haltung von Arbeitspferden in der Landwirtschaft zu erheben. Die Kosten wurden in 22 Betrieben in Deutschland ermittelt. Die Betriebe waren relativ klein (12 ha). 92 Arbeitspferde wurden gehalten (85% Kaltblüter). Investitionen für 163 landwirtschaftliche Maschinen wurden genannt. Außerdem wurden Arbeitsstunden pro Hektar für 130 Feldeinsätze angegeben.  Die Investitionskosten für Pferde und Geräte für den Pferdezug waren geringer als bei einem kleinen Traktor. Der Arbeitsaufwand pro Hektar war jedoch höher

Thermal deactivation constant (<i>k</i>_<i>d</i> h⁻¹) and half-life (<i>t</i>_<i>1/2</i>) of the laccases.

<p>Tve = <i>Trametes versicolor</i></p><p>Mth = <i>Myceliophthora thermophila</i></p><p>Bpu = <i>Bacillus pumilus</i></p><p>f = fungal Laccase</p><p>b = bacterial Laccase</p><p>Thermal deactivation constant (<i>k</i>_<i>d</i> h⁻¹) and half-life (<i>t</i>_<i>1/2</i>) of the laccases.</p

FTIR-atr spectra of treated wood fibers.

<p><b>a–b)</b> Characteristic latex peaks were detectable compared to native wood fibers (arrows), <b>c–d)</b> Even after leaching procedure the laccase treated fibers showed characteristic peaks deriving from binder (arrows).</p

Influence of laccase on the mechanical properties of the wood fiber boards (~125 kg m^-3).

<p><b>a)</b> Compression strength at 10% deformation and <b>b)</b> Internal bond strength. <i>Lac</i>: 20 U g⁻¹ fiber; <i>Lat</i>: 5% latex; <i>Lac-Lat</i>: 20 U g⁻¹ fiber + 5% latex. Letters denote significant differences between the wood-fiber treatments after Fisher’s LSD test (<i>P</i> ≤ 0.05).</p

Influence of the optimized laccase concentration on the mechanical properties of the wood fiber boards (~125 kg m^-3).

<p>Bioprocess optimization was carried out by a second-order polynomial model in combination with the genetic algorithm (GA). <b>a)</b> Compression strength at 10% deformation and <b>b)</b> Internal bond strength. <i>Lat-5</i>: 5% latex; <i>Lat-3</i>: 3% latex; <i>Lac-20 Lat-3</i>: 20 U g⁻¹ fiber + 3% latex; <i>Lac-1</i>.<i>7 Lat-3</i>: 1.7 U g⁻¹ fiber + 3% latex. Letters denote significant differences between the wood-fiber treatments after Fisher’s LSD test (<i>P</i> ≤ 0.05).</p

Oxidation potential and laccase stability.

<p><b>a)</b> Activity of the laccases (%) towards synthetic and natural compounds (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0128623#pone.0128623.s001" target="_blank">S1 Table</a>) at different pH. f-Tve: <i>Trametes versicolor</i>; f-Mth: <i>Myceliophthora thermophila</i>; b-Bpu: <i>Bacillus pumilus</i>. <b>b)</b> Long-time effects of the industrial process water on the f-Mth laccase activity at room temperature (∎) and 40°C (▲). f-Mth: <i>Myceliophthora thermophila</i>.</p

Experimental range and level of central composite design for independent input variables in coded terms.

<p>Experimental range and level of central composite design for independent input variables in coded terms.</p

Influence of the process water on the mechanical properties of the wood-fiber boards (~125 kg m^-3).

<p><b>a)</b> Compression strength at 10% deformation, <b>b)</b> Internal bond strength. <i>Lac</i>: 20 U g⁻¹ fiber; <i>Lat</i>: 5% latex; <i>Lac-Lat</i>: 20 U g⁻¹ fiber + 5% latex, and <b>c)</b> Effect of the laccase mediator system (LMS) on the compression strength at 10% deformation. <i>LMS1-Lat</i>: 20 U g⁻¹ fiber + 10 mM ACS (acetosyringone) + 5% latex; <i>LMS2-Lat</i>: 20 U g⁻¹ fiber + 10 mM HBA (4-hydroxybenzoic acid) + 5% latex. *Significant difference between process water and fresh water concerning mechanical strength properties (t-test, <i>P</i> ≤ 0.05).</p

Genetic determinants of chromatin reveal prostate cancer risk mediated by context-dependent gene regulation

Many genetic variants affect disease risk by altering context-dependent gene regulation. Such variants are difficult to study mechanistically using current methods that link genetic variation to steady-state gene expression levels, such as expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs). To address this challenge, we developed the cistrome-wide association study (CWAS), a framework for identifying genotypic and allele-specific effects on chromatin that are also associated with disease. In prostate cancer, CWAS identified regulatory elements and androgen receptor-binding sites that explained the association at 52 of 98 known prostate cancer risk loci and discovered 17 additional risk loci. CWAS implicated key developmental transcription factors in prostate cancer risk that are overlooked by eQTL-based approaches due to context-dependent gene regulation. We experimentally validated associations and demonstrated the extensibility of CWAS to additional epigenomic datasets and phenotypes, including response to prostate cancer treatment. CWAS is a powerful and biologically interpretable paradigm for studying variants that influence traits by affecting transcriptional regulation