Glocalization, English, and Education in Languages of Lesser Power

The concept of "glocalization"-the concomitant development of global and local values and practices—is used in this paper to draw together two seemingly disparate areas of research in which the author has been involved. The first is the study of English as a global language; it is shown that the increasing use of English as the lingua franca for international communication has at the same time promoted the development of new, localized varieties of English (beyond the traditional British/American dichotomy). The second area is the maintenance, primarily through education, of small languages and cultures-termed "languages of lesser power" (LLP)-which are threatened by the spread of international languages such as English. LLPs include both indigenous languages (those which have existed in a particular country or locality over an indefinite period) and immigrant languages (whose use in a given setting is more recent and documentable). An LLP is most often, though not necessarily, a minority language of a country; and while its existence may be endangered in a particular setting it is not necessarily endangered on a world scale. Case studies are cited from the author\u27s co-edited (nearly completed) book project, Education in languages of lesser power: Asian and Pacific perspectives, to illustrate representative educational initiatives for maintaining or revitalizing LLPs in East/Southeast Asia and the Pacific: specifically, the Norf\u27k language of Norfolk Island (from research by Mühlhaüsler); Tamil in Singapore (from Shegar and Gopinathan); and Nalik in Papua New Guinea (from Volker). It is suggested that if LLPs are to increase their status, they must adapt to contemporary social conditions, and be taught alongside more powerful languages (such as English) rather than be expected to replace them

In Appreciation of Professor Mary Goebel Noguchi

谷口教授・野口教授退職記念

Variation within Kachru’s Expanding Circle of Englishes: A Comparison of English Use and Learning in Japan and Sweden

青山隆教授退職記念

Destruction of Refractory Carbon in Protoplanetary Disks

The Earth and other rocky bodies in the inner solar system contain significantly less carbon than the primordial materials that seeded their formation. These carbon-poor objects include the parent bodies of primitive meteorites, suggesting that at least one process responsible for solid-phase carbon depletion was active prior to the early stages of planet formation. Potential mechanisms include the erosion of carbonaceous materials by photons or atomic oxygen in the surface layers of the protoplanetary disk. Under photochemically generated favorable conditions, these reactions can deplete the near-surface abundance of carbon grains and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by several orders of magnitude on short timescales relative to the lifetime of the disk out to radii of ~20-100+ au from the central star depending on the form of refractory carbon present. Due to the reliance of destruction mechanisms on a high influx of photons, the extent of refractory carbon depletion is quite sensitive to the disk's internal radiation field. Dust transport within the disk is required to affect the composition of the midplane. In our current model of a passive, constant-alpha disk, where alpha = 0.01, carbon grains can be turbulently lofted into the destructive surface layers and depleted out to radii of ~3-10 au for 0.1-1 um grains. Smaller grains can be cleared out of the planet-forming region completely. Destruction may be more effective in an actively accreting disk or when considering individual grain trajectories in non-idealized disks.Comment: 15 pages, 9 figures, Accepted for publication in Ap

Comparison of Performance of Experimental and Conventional Cage Designs and Materials for 75-millimeter-bore Cylindrical Roller Bearings at High Speed

The results of two investigations, one to determine the relative merits of four experimental and two conventional design 75-millimeter-bore (size 215) cylindrical roller bearings and one to determine the relative merits of nodular iron and bronze as cage materials for this size and type of bearing, are presented in this report. Nine test bearings were operated over a range of dn values (product of bearing bore in mm and shaft speed in r.p.m) from 0.3 x 10(6) to 2.3 x 20(6), radial loads for 7 to 1613 pounds, and oil flows from 2 to 8 pounds per minute with a single-jet circulatory oil feed. Of the six bearings used to evaluate designs, four were experimental types with outer-race-riding cages and inner-race-guided rollers, and two were conventional types, one with outer-race-guided rollers and cage and one with inner-race-guided rollers and cage. Each of these six test bearings was equipped with a different design cage made of nodular iron. The experimental combination of an outer-race-riding cage with a straight-through outer race and inner-race-guided rollers was found to give the best over-all performance based on limiting dn values and bearing temperatures

Preliminary Comparison of 17- and 75-millimeter-bore Cageless Cylindrical Roller Bearings with Conventional Cylindrical Roller Bearings at High Speeds

Preliminary results at high speeds indicate lower bearing temperatures, less internal bearing wear, and greater reliability of the conventional, cage-type cylindrical roller bearings than of either full-complement or special cageless roller bearings of the types investigated, although the latter bearing types have been operated successfully to DN values of 1.0 X 10 superscript 6