In situ observations of ClO in the Antarctic: Evidence for chlorine catalyzed destruction of ozone

Results from a series of 12 ER-2 aircraft flights into the Antarctic polar vortex are summarized. These in situ data define the spatial and temporal distribution of ClO as the aircraft flew at an altitude of approx. 18 km from Punta Arenas (54 deg S latitude) to the base of the Palmer Peninsula (72 deg S latitude), executed a rapid descent to approx. 13 km, turned north and climbed bach to approximately 18 km, returning to Punta Arenas. A general pattern in the ClO distribution is reported: mixing ratios of approximately 10 ppt are found at altitude in the vicinity of 55 deg S increasing to 50 ppt at 60 degrees S. In the vicinity of 65 deg S latitude a steep gradient in the ClO mixing ratio is observed. At a fixed potential temperature, the ClO mixing ratio through this sharp transition increases by an order of magnitude within a very few degrees of latitude, thus defining the edge of the chemical containment vessel. From the edge of that containment vessel to the southern extension of the flights, 72 deg S, a dome of slowly increasing ClO best describes the distribution. Conclusion are drawn from the data

An Analytical Method For Quantifying The Electrical Space Heating Component Of A Cold Load Pick Up

After an extended cold weather outage on a distribution circuit supplying a high saturation of electrical space heating, large transient overcurrent\u27s persist for several hours because of the undiversified heating load. In this paper, the electrical space heating component of enduring demand is characterized by a smooth curve. Expressions are derived for the parameters of the curve in terms of the outage conditions and a statistical description of the residences. A method is suggested for using this characterization to determine the effects of a cold load pick up on the distribution circuit components. Copyright © 1982 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc

Evaluating a Strategy to Deliver Vaccine to White-tailed Deer at a Landscape Level

Effective delivery of vaccines and other pharmaceuticals to wildlife populations is needed when zoonotic diseases pose a risk to public health and natural resources or have considerable economic consequences. The objective of our study was to develop a bait-distribution strategy for potential delivery of oral bovine tuberculosis (bTB) vaccine to white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) where deer are reservoirs for the disease. During 17 February and 2 March 2011, we created a grid of experimental bait stations (n=64) on Sandhill Wildlife Management Area, Wisconsin, USA, to assess station densities needed to attract and deliver placebo baits to free-ranging white-tailed deer and look for associations among deer density, number of bait stations per deer, and bait consumption. We placed 1 L of commercially available alfalfa cubes at bait stations 652m apart, and monitored stations with motion-activated cameras for 5 days to document visitation and consumption by deer and nontarget species. Deer discovered 38% of all bait stations within 37 hr, on average (SE=3.91 hr), and consumed variable amounts of bait at each station. Deer were documented in 94% of all photographs of wildlife at bait stations. We found no correlation between bait consumption and deer density or the number of bait stations per deer. We provide the first information on use of baits by free-ranging deer and nontarget wildlife to eventually vaccinate deer against bTB at a landscape level. The results of this study can further the development of strategies in delivery of pharmaceuticals to free-ranging white-tailed deer

Evaluating a Strategy to Deliver Vaccine to White-tailed Deer at a Landscape Level

Effective delivery of vaccines and other pharmaceuticals to wildlife populations is needed when zoonotic diseases pose a risk to public health and natural resources or have considerable economic consequences. The objective of our study was to develop a bait-distribution strategy for potential delivery of oral bovine tuberculosis (bTB) vaccine to white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) where deer are reservoirs for the disease. During 17 February and 2 March 2011, we created a grid of experimental bait stations (n=64) on Sandhill Wildlife Management Area, Wisconsin, USA, to assess station densities needed to attract and deliver placebo baits to free-ranging white-tailed deer and look for associations among deer density, number of bait stations per deer, and bait consumption. We placed 1 L of commercially available alfalfa cubes at bait stations 652m apart, and monitored stations with motion-activated cameras for 5 days to document visitation and consumption by deer and nontarget species. Deer discovered 38% of all bait stations within 37 hr, on average (SE=3.91 hr), and consumed variable amounts of bait at each station. Deer were documented in 94% of all photographs of wildlife at bait stations. We found no correlation between bait consumption and deer density or the number of bait stations per deer. We provide the first information on use of baits by free-ranging deer and nontarget wildlife to eventually vaccinate deer against bTB at a landscape level. The results of this study can further the development of strategies in delivery of pharmaceuticals to free-ranging white-tailed deer

Spectral Function of 2D Fermi Liquids

We show that the spectral function for single-particle excitations in a two-dimensional Fermi liquid has Lorentzian shape in the low energy limit. Landau quasi-particles have a uniquely defined spectral weight and a decay rate which is much smaller than the quasi-particle energy. By contrast, perturbation theory and the T-matrix approximation yield spurious deviations from Fermi liquid behavior, which are particularly pronounced for a linearized dispersion relation.Comment: 6 pages, LaTeX2e, 5 EPS figure

Landauer Conductance without Two Chemical Potentials

We present a theory of the four--terminal conductance for the multi-channel tunneling barrier, which is based on the self-consistent solution of Shrodinger, Poisson and continuity equations. We derive new results for the case of a barrier embedded in a long wire with and without disorder. We also recover known expressions for the conductance of the barrier placed into a ballistic constriction. Our approach avoids a problematic use of two chemical potentials in the same system.Comment: 12 page

Generalized Numerical Renormalization Group for Dynamical Quantities

In this paper we introduce a new approach for calculating dynamical properties within the numerical renormalization group. It is demonstrated that the method previously used fails for the Anderson impurity in a magnetic field due to the absence of energy scale separation. The problem is solved by evaluating the Green function with respect to the reduced density matrix of the full system, leading to accurate spectra in agreement with the static magnetization. The new procedure (denoted as DM-NRG) provides a unifying framework for calculating dynamics at any temperature and represents the correct extension of Wilson's original thermodynamic calculation.Comment: 4 pages RevTeX, 6 eps figures include