Like Chameleons: Civil Servants and Corruption in Malawi

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Transition and Justice: An Introduction

Since the end of the Cold War, political new beginnings have increasingly been linked to questions of transitional justice. The contributions to this collection examine a series of cases from across the African continent where peaceful ‘new beginnings’ have been declared after periods of violence and where transitional justice institutions played a role in defining justice and the new socio-political order. Three issues seem to be crucial to the understanding of transitional justice in the context of wider social debates on justice and political change: the problem of ‘new beginnings’, of finding a foundation for that which explicitly breaks with the past; the discrepancies between lofty promises and the messy realities of transitional justice in action; and the dialectic between logics of the exception and the ordinary, employed to legitimize or resist transitional justice mechanisms. These are the particular focus of this Introduction

Constitutive relations, dissipation and reciprocity for the Maxwell equations in the time domain

The main goal of this paper is to establish general constitutive relations for the electromagnetic fields E,D,B and H in a time domain setting. The four basic assumptions of the medium are linearity, invariance to time translations, causality and continuity. These four assumptions imply that the constitutive relations are convolutions of Riemann-Stieltjes type. A review of the classifi- cation of media in bianisotropic, biisotropic, anisotropic and isotropic media, respectively, is made. Dissipation and reciprocity are defined and the constraints these concepts make on the constitutive relations are analyzed in detail. Furthermore, an appropriate form of time reversal and functions of positive type are introduced and some consequences of these concepts are showed

Wave splitting and imbedding equations for a spherically symmetric dispersive medium

The direct problem of time dependent electromagnetic scattering in the dispersive sphere is solved by a wave splitting technique. The electric field is expanded in a series involving vector spherical harmonics, leading to a system of wave equations for each term. These systems are reduced to scalar wave equations for each term, which are solved via reflection operators. Some preliminary numerical results are presented