Fault Detection and Classification in Transmission Line Using Wavelet Transform and ANN

In recent years, there is an increased interest in fault classification algorithms. The reason, behind this interest is the escalating power demand and multiple interconnections of utilities in grid. This paper presents an application of wavelet transforms to detect the faults and further to perform classification by supervised learning paradigm. Different architectures of ANN are tested with the statistical attributes of a wavelet transform of a voltage signal as input features and binary digits as outputs. The proposed supervised learning module is tested on a transmission network. It is observed the Layer Recurrent Neural Network (LRNN) architecture performs satisfactorily when it is compared with the simulation results. The transmission network is simulated on Matlab. The performance indices Mean Square Error (MSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Sum Square Error (SSE) are used to determine the efficacy of the neural network

Correction: Hyperleptinemia in children with autosomal recessive spinal muscular atrophy type I-III.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173144.]

Distribution of auxological data in SMA patients (BMI = body mass index, WC = waist circumference, HC = hip circumference, WHR waist-to-hip ratio, SDS = standard deviation score).

<p>Vertical lines in bold (- 2 SD, + 2 SD) indicate the reference range. Boxes indicate the interquartile range (IQR), whiskers indicate 1.5xIQR, black dots are outliers. Asterisks indicate a significant deviation of the median from zero (p <0.01) with a shift towards higher values for WHR and leptin, as well as a shift to lower values for weight, height, BMI und HC.</p

The relation between motor function and leptin SDS in terms of SMA type, showing that the lower the overall motor function, the higher was the risk for elevated leptin levels.

<p>Vertical lines in bold at -2 SD and +2 SD indicate the reference range for leptin SDS. <b>As a consequence, lower motor function is linked to high leptin-SDS independent of SMA type</b>.</p

Association between leptin SDS and SMA type.

<p>Association between leptin SDS and SMA type.</p

Association between leptin SDS and motor function.

<p>Association between leptin SDS and motor function.</p