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    KLJUČNI DOGAĐAJI U POVIJESTI DJEČJE KIRURGIJE ZA VRIJEME BIZANTA

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    During the Byzantine Times, medicine and surgery developed as Greek physicians continued to practice in Constantinople. Healing methods were common for both adults and children, and pediatrics as a medical specialty did not exist. Already Byzantine hospitals became institutions to dispense medical services, rather than shelters for the homeless, which included doctors and nurses for those who suffered from the disease. A major improvement in the status of hospitals as medical centers took place in this period, and physicians were called archiatroi. Several sources prove that archiatroi were still functioning in the late sixth century and long afterward, but now as xenon doctors. Patients were averse to surgery due to the incidence of complications. The hagiographical literature repeated allusions to doctors. Concerns about children with a surgical disease often led parents to seek miraculous healings achieved by Christian Protectors – Saints. This paper is focused on three eminent Byzantine physicians and surgeons, Oribasius, Aetius of Amida, Paul of Aegina, who dealt with pediatric operations and influenced the European Medicine for centuries to come. We studied historical and theological sources in order to present a comprehensive picture of the curative techniques used for pediatric surgical diseases during the Byzantine Times.U bizantsko doba medicina i kirurgija razvijali su se dok su grčki liječnici nastavili s praksom u Carigradu. Metode liječenja i za odrasle i za djecu se nisu razlikovale, a pedijatrija kao medicinska specijalizacija nije postojala. Bizantske bolnice postale su ustanove, a ne skloništa za beskućnike, u kojima su liječnici i medicinske sestre pružali medicinske usluge za sve oboljele. U ovom se razdoblju dogodilo veliko poboljšanje statusa bolnica kao medicinskih centara, a liječnici su prozvani archiatroi. Nekoliko izvora dokazuje da su archiatroi još uvijek djelovali u kasnom šestom stoljeću i dugo nakon toga, ali sada kao ksenonski liječnici. Pacijenti nisu bili skloni operacijama zbog učestalosti komplikacija. U hagiografskoj literaturi su se učestalo spominjali liječnici. Zabrinutost za djecu s kirurškom bolešću roditelje je često tjerala da traže čudesna ozdravljenja koja su prakticirali kršćanski sveci zaštitnici. Ovaj rad govori o tri ugledna bizantska liječnika i kirurga. Oribazije, Aecije iz Amide i Pavao iz Aegine bavili su se pedijatrijskim operacijama i utjecali na europsku medicinu u idućim stoljećima. Proučavali smo povijesne i teološke izvore kako bismo predstavili sveobuhvatnu sliku kurativnih tehnika koje su korištene za dječje kirurške bolesti u bizantsko doba

    History of treatment of hernia

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    The General Part of this dissertation includes a comprehensive presentation of the evolution of the treatment of abdominal wall hernias over time. The recording of reports from antiquity (Ebers papyrus, “Hippocratic Collection”) proves that prehistoric man suffered from hernia. The first human attempts to treat hernia were conservative techniques, reduction by manipulation (taxis), application of poultices and dressings, causing burns in the groin. For the seriously ill people, herniotomy was already practiced in India during the Brahman era and by the Greeks with scrotum access. Until the Byzantine period, surgical techniques included the ligation of both the sac and the spermatic cord and testectomy. In the 3rd century B.C. Byzantine physicians (Paul of Aegina , Oribasius) introduce new surgical techniques aimed at preserving the testicles. Man always turned his hope to divine intervention when he was ill, as is characteristically described in the book "The miracles of Saint Artemious". During the Middle Ages, the Arab surgeons applied the techniques of Byzantine writers, but most medieval surgeons remained reluctant to perform surgical methods. Renaissance surgeons consolidated the surgical approach to inguinal hernia repair, as a result of better anatomical knowledge and the construction of specialized surgical instruments, strongly disapproving the removal of the testicle. Despite the development in the knowledge of anatomy, the introduction of anesthesia in 1846 and antisepsis (Lister, 1865), the surgical treatment of hernia did not show a similar development during the first half of the 19th century. Enduarto Bassini holds a prominent place in the history of inguinal hernia. He innovated by introducing the surgical technique (1883), which was the golden rule of hernia for almost a century (three layers suturing). The era of hernia repair with non-tension techniques is limited to the middle of the 20th century, first by fissures in the sheath of the rectal fascia and then with the mesh application (Lichtenstein 1987). Since then a number of prosthetic materials have been applied, without having 173 yet found the ideal mesh. Laparoscopic techniques have been widely used since the second half of the 20th century. The Special Part presents in detail the historical data, as well as anatomical features, therapeutic techniques of different types of the abdominal wall hernias. These are: inguinal hernia, umbilical hernia, epigastric hernia, femoral hernia, ventral hernia and uncommon hernias (Spingle, lumbar, Petit, Amyand, medial hernia, Littre, Richter, Amyand). Scientists have in their quiver a number of meshes, surgical techniques with or without the use of mesh, and laparoscopic or open techniques. The cornerstone of all the above techniques is the sufficient knowledge of the anatomy of each hernia. Today, both the Lichtenstein technique and laparoscopic techniques (intra-abdominal preperitoneal or extraperitoneal) are the golden rule in the treatment of hernias. The choice of the appropriate hernia repair technique remains individual to each patient. Special mention is given to the historical development of Pediatric Surgery. While, since Antiquity, records are found for diseases of the pediatric population. The establishment of pediatric hospitals (19th century), where comprehensive care was offered and the discovery of anesthesia contributed to the substantial development. Ladd & Gross have played a leading role in establishing the principles of surgical care for young patients and training the majority of future pediatric surgery program leaders.Το Ειδικό Μέρος της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής περιλαμβάνει μια ολοκληρωμένη παρουσίαση της διαχρονικής εξέλιξης της θεραπευτικής αντιμετώπισης των κηλών του κοιλιακού τοιχώματος. Με την καταγραφή αναφορών ήδη από την Αρχαιότητα (πάπυρος Ebers, Ιπποκρατική Συλλογή) αποδεικνύεται πως ο προϊστορικός άνθρωπος έπασχε από κήλη. Οι πρώτες προσπάθειες του ανθρώπου για θεραπεία της κήλης ήταν συντηρητικές τεχνικές, ανάταξη με χειρισμούς (taxis), εφαρμογή καταπλασμάτων και κηλεπιδέσμων, πρόκληση εγκαύματος στη βουβωνική χώρα. Στους βαριά νοσούντες η κηλοτομή εφαρμοζόταν ήδη στην Ινδία κατά την εποχή του Βράχμαν και από τους Έλληνες με οσχεϊκή προσπέλαση. Έως και τους Βυζαντινούς Χρόνους οι χειρουργικές τεχνικές περιελάμβαναν τη σύγχρονη απολίνωση του κηλικού σάκου με τον σπερματικό τόνο και την ορχεκτομή. Τον 3ο π.Χ. αι. οι ιατροί του Βυζαντίου (Παύλος ο Αιγινήτης, Ορειβάσιος) εισάγουν νέες χειρουργικές τεχνικές με στόχο τη διαφύλαξη των όρχεων. Ο άνθρωπος πάντοτε έστρεφε την ελπίδα του σε θεϊκή παρέμβαση όταν νοσούσε, όπως περιγράφεται χαρακτηριστικά και στο σύγγραμμα “Τα θαύματα του Αγίου Αρτεμίου”. Κατά το Μεσαίωνα oι Άραβες χειρουργοί εφάρμοσαν τις τεχνικές των Βυζαντινών συγγραφέων, ωστόσο οι περισσότεροι χειρουργοί του Μεσαίωνα παρέμεναν απρόθυμοι στην εκτέλεση χειρουργικών επεμβάσεων. Οι χειρουργοί της Αναγέννησης εδραίωσαν την εγχειρητική θεραπευτική προσέγγιση στη βουβωνοκήλη, συνεπεία της καλύτερης γνώσης της ανατομίας και της κατασκευής εξειδικευμένων χειρουργικών εργαλείων, αποδοκιμάζοντας αυστηρά τη σύγχρονη ορχεκτομή. Παρά την εξέλιξη στις γνώσεις της ανατομίας, την εισαγωγή της αναισθησίας το 1846 και της αντισηψίας (Lister, 1865), η χειρουργική αντιμετώπιση της κήλης δεν παρουσίαζε ανάλογη ανάπτυξη κατά το 1ο μισό του 19ου αι. Εξέχουσα θέση στην ιστορία της βουβωνοκήλης κατέχει ο Eduardo Bassini. Καινοτόμησε εισάγωντας τη χειρουργική τεχνική (1883), η οποία αποτέλεσε το 171 χρυσό κανόνα της κηλοπλαστικής για σχεδόν έναν αιώνα (συρραφή σε τρία στρώματα). Η εποχή της αποκατάστασης κήλης με τεχνικές χωρίς τάση οριοθετείται από τα μέσα του 20ου αι., αρχικά σχάσεις στη θήκη της περιτονίας του ορθού κοιλιακού και στη συνέχεια με εφαρμογή πρόθεσης (Lichtenstein 1987). Έκτοτε πλήθος πλεγμάτων έχει εφαρμοσθεί, χωρίς να έχει ακόμη βρεθεί το ιδανικό. Από το δεύτερο ήμισυ του 20 αιώνα χρησιμοποιούνται ευρέως οι λαπαροσκοπικές τεχνικές. Στο Ειδικό Μέρος παρατείθενται αναλυτικά τα ιστορικά στοιχεία, καθώς και ανατομικά χαρακτηριστικά, θεραπευτικές τεχνικές των διαφορετικών τύπων κήλης του κοιλιακού τοιχώματος. Πρόκειται για τη βουβωνοκήλη, την ομφαλοκήλη, την επιγαστρική κήλη, τη μηροκήλη, την κοιλιοκήλη και σπανιότερους τύπους (Σπιγγέλειος, οσφυϊκή, Petit, Amyand, διάμεσος κήλη, Littre, Richter,Amyand). Οι επιστήμονες έχουν στη φαρέτρα τους πλήθος πλεγμάτων, τεχνικών αποκατάστασης με ή χωρίς τη χρήση πλέγματος και λαπαροσκοπικές ή ανοιχτές τεχνικές. O ακρογωνιαίος λίθος όλων των ανωτέρω τεχνικών είναι η επαρκής γνώση της ανατομίας της εκάστοτε κήλης. Σήμερα, τόσο η τεχνική Lichtenstein όσο και οι λαπαροσκοπικές τεχνικές (διακοιλιακή προπεριτοναϊκή ή εξωπεριτοναϊκή) αποτελούν τον χρυσό κανόνα στη θεραπευτική προσέγγιση των κηλών. Η επιλογή της κατάλληλης τεχνικής αποκατάστασης κήλης παραμένει εξατομικευμένη στον κάθε ασθενή. Ιδιαίτερη μνεία δίδεται στη ιστορική εξέλιξη της Παιδοχειρουργικής. Ενώ, ήδη από την Αρχαιότητα ανευρίσκονται καταγραφές για παθήσεις του παιδικού πληθυσμού, η ίδρυση παιδιατρικών νοσοκομείων (19ος αιώνας), όπου προσφέρονταν ολοκληρωμένη φροντίδα και η ανακάλυψη της αναισθησίας συνέβαλαν στην ουσιαστική εξέλιξη. Οι Ladd & Gross έπαιξαν ηγετικό ρόλο καθιερώνοντας τις αρχές της χειρουργικής φροντίδας των μικρών ασθενών και εκπαιδεύοντας την πλειοψηφία των μελλοντικών αρχηγών των εκπαιδευτικών προγραμμάτων στην παιδοχειρουργική

    MILESTONES IN THE HISTORY OF PEDIATRIC SURGERY DURING THE BYZANTINE TIMES

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    During the Byzantine Times, medicine and surgery developed as Greek physicians continued to practice in Constantinople. Healing methods were common for both adults and children, and pediatrics as a medical specialty did not exist. Already Byzantine hospitals became institutions to dispense medical services, rather than shelters for the homeless, which included doctors and nurses for those who suffered from the disease. A major improvement in the status of hospitals as medical centers took place in this period, and physicians were called archiatroi. Several sources prove that archiatroi were still functioning in the late sixth century and long afterward, but now as xenon doctors. Patients were averse to surgery due to the incidence of complications. The hagiographical literature repeated allusions to doctors. Concerns about children with a surgical disease often led parents to seek miraculous healings achieved by Christian Protectors - Saints. This paper is focused on three eminent Byzantine physicians and surgeons, Oribasius, Aetius of Amida, Paul of Aegina, who dealt with pediatric operations and influenced the European Medicine for centuries to come. We studied historical and theological sources in order to present a comprehensive picture of the curative techniques used for pediatric surgical diseases during the Byzantine Times
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