Formulation and Evaluation of Alpinia Galanga Extract Loaded Niosomal Patch for the Treatment of Breast Cancer

Cancer of the breast is the most common malignant neoplasm in women, accounting for as many as 25.8 (12.7 mortality) per 100,000 women in the India. The disease is rare under the age of 25, and increases steadily in incidence with age, reaching its peak incidence in elderly women. Plants have been and still being used by people throughout the world for healthcare and for treatment of various acute and chronic diseases. Lot and lots of medicinal properties was possessed by each plants but still the drawback exist due to lack of proper scientific validation and standardization procedures. Therefore this present study is an attempt to formulate and evaluate the patch containing niosomal formulation of Alpinia galanga for the treatment of breast cancer. Based on the extensive review of literature, the plant with more medicinal properties and also has increased amount of bioactive molecules were selected for the study. The plant was collected and authenticated. Pharmacognostical studies such as macroscopy, microscopy of plant part, powder microscopy and histochemical analysis were done for identification of the plant as per the standards prescribed by WHO and Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India. The Physicochemical parameters like loss on drying, ash values and extractive values and qualitative analysis of heavy metals and inorganic elements which prove the drugs were of good quality and safe. The extraction of active constituents and Preliminary phytochemical investigation were carried out revealed the presence of various phytoconstituents such as steroids, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and terpenoid in the raw materials. Fluorescence analysis was carried out to detect the presence of any chromophore present in the powder and extracts. Characterization of active components by UV spectrophotometric studies, TLC studies, HPTLC studies, FT- IR studies analysis of ethanolic extract was carried out to showed various phytoconstituents present in the ethanolic extract. Amount of bioactive constituent present in the extract is evaluated with the standard drug by using UV spectrophotometry. Docking studies were performed to know the Binding energy which showed good inhibition effect to the estrogen binding. In vitro anticancer activity of the ethanolic extract was done by using MCF7 breast cancer cell line and the IC50 value was evaluated. Niosomal formulation is one of the novel drug delivery system which has several advantages such as encapsulating both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, high entrapment efficiency, more stablility and less toxic than liposomes. Another advantage of this type of formulation is that they improve the bio-availability than other conventional dosage forms. They also has high elasticity to penetrate into the skin and hence the niosome was selected to make the extract loaded patch for targeted delivery to the cancer cells. Preformulation studies for compatibility of extract and excipient, Solubility were performed and identified before formulating the niosomes. The 3 trial batches of niosomes were taken and the optimized formulation selected. Evaluation of niosome formulation such as percentage yield, morphology by SEM studies, particle size, zeta potential, drug entrapment efficiency and drug content was estimated and the results showed that the formulation complies the limits. Preformulation studies of optimized niosomes were done to study the interaction between the niosome and the excipient using IR spectroscopy showed that there was no interaction. Hence triplicates of patch loaded with niosomes of Alpinia galanga extract were formulated. The formulated patches were evaluated for the parameters like weight variation, surface pH, folding endurance, % moisture content, moisture uptake, drug content study, film thickness, percentage elongation, tensile strength and invitro drug release study were evaluated which complies with the pharmacopeial limits. Further the presence of bioactive molecule which is responsible for pharmacological activity was identified and was compared between the extracts and its formulations using thin layer chromatographic technique. Hence, from these scientific studies it is concluded that the formulation proves effective in the treatment of breast cancer

3dSS: 3D structural superposition

3dSS is a web-based interactive computing server, primarily designed to aid researchers, to superpose two or several 3D protein structures. In addition, the server can be effectively used to find the invariant and common water molecules present in the superposed homologous protein structures. The molecular visualization tool RASMOL is interfaced with the server to visualize the superposed 3D structures with the water molecules (invariant or common) in the client machine. Furthermore, an option is provided to save the superposed 3D atomic coordinates in the client machine. To perform the above, users need to enter Protein Data Bank (PDB)-id(s) or upload the atomic coordinates in PDB format. This server uses a locally maintained PDB anonymous FTP server that is being updated weekly. This program can be accessed through our Bioinformatics web server at the URL or

ResNet50-Based Detection and Remedial Suggestions for Plant Diseases

<p><i>Abstract</i>— This study introduces an innovative method for plant disease detection and the provision of remedial suggestions, employing the ResNet50 deep learning architecture. The approach involves fine-tuning a pre-trained ResNet50 model and using data augmentation techniques to create a robust model capable of accurately identifying plant diseases. Additionally, the model integrates remedial recommendations, offering a comprehensive solution for early intervention.</p><p>This research highlights the capacity of deep learning models, specifically ResNet50, to tackle the issues related to identifying and controlling plant diseases. With promising results in terms of classification accuracy, this tool holds the potential to greatly benefit agricultural professionals and farmers, ultimately leading to improved crop health and productivity. Future research may involve expanding the dataset and exploring real-time disease detection in practical agricultural scenarios.</p><p> </p&gt

Anti-Inflammatory Properties of the Enaminone E121 in the Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS) Colitis Model.

Enaminones are synthetic compounds with an established role in the prevention of various forms of seizures. Recent evidence suggests potent anti-tussive, bronchodilation and anti-inflammatory properties. Pre-treatment with particularly E121 compound resulted in a decrease in leukocyte recruitment in the ovalbumin induced-model of asthma, immune cell proliferation and cytokine release in vitro. We hypothesize that E121 might serve as a therapeutic potential in intestinal inflammation through modulating immune cell functions.Colitis was induced by daily dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) administration for 5 days, and its severity was determined by gross and histological assessments. The plasma level of various cytokines was measured using flow cytometry-based assay. The colonic expression/ phosphorylation level of various molecules was determined by immunofluorescence and western blotting. The effects of E121 treatment on in vitro neutrophil chemotaxis (under-agarose assay), superoxide release (luminol oxidation assay) and apoptosis (annexin V/7AAD) were also determined.DSS-induced colitis in mice was significantly reduced by daily E121 treatment (30-100 mg/kg) at gross and histological levels. This effect was due to modulated plasma levels of interleukin (IL-2) and colonic expression levels of various signaling molecules and proteins involved in apoptosis. In vitro neutrophil survival, chemotaxis, and superoxide release were also reduced by E121 treatment.Our results indicate important anti-inflammatory actions of E121 in the pathogenesis of IBD

Area and Speed Efficient Reversible Fused Radix-2 FFT Unit using 4:3 Compressor

Abstract—In this paper, it is proposed to design an area and speed efficient reversible fused Radix-2 FFT unit using 4:3 compressor. Radix-2 Reversible FFT unit requires 24-bit and 48 – bit reversible adders, 24 – bit and 48 – bit reversible subtractors and 24x24 reversible multiplier units. In the proposed architecture, the 24-bit adder has been realized as a reversible carry-look-ahead adder using PRT-2 gate. The proposed reversible carry-lookahead adder is efficient in terms of transistor count, critical path delay and garbage outputs. Reversible subtractor is realized using TR gate with less critical path delay. The 24x24 bit multiplication operation is fragmented to nine parallel reversible 8x8 bit multiplication modules. It is proposed to design a new reversible design of the 24x24 bit multiplier in which the partial products are added using reversible 4:3 compressors which were realized using PRT-2 gates. The proposed multiplier is optimized in terms of critical path delay and garbage outputs. This paper describes three reversible fused operations and applies them to the implementation of Fast Fourier Transform Processors. The fused operations are reversible add-subtract unit, reversible multiply-add unit and reversible multiply-subtract unit. Thus, Reversible Radix-2 FFT butterfly unit is implemented efficiently with the three fused operations. The fused reversible FFT unit using 4:3 compressor operates at a greater speed and consumes lesser amount of logic resource than the discrete implementation

IN VITRO GROWTH INHIBITORY EFFECT OF ZnO NANOPARTICLES ON HUMAN LIVER CANCER CELL LINES (Huh7)

Objective: The objective of the study was to access the anticancer activity of the biosynthesized ZnO nanoparticles against Huh7 liver cancer cell lines. Methods: The study was carried in vitro using Huh7 cell lines. The ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesized using Luffa acutangula peel extract and subjected to characterization by X-ray powder diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The Huh7 cell lines were treated with ZnO NPs and done 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. For live and dead assay, the cell lines treated with ZnO NPs were subjected to acridine orange/ethidium (AO/ET) bromide assay. Results: The ZnO NPs synthesized show spherical structure with 10–20 nm size. The 50% of Huh7 proliferation were inhibited at the concentration (IC50) of 40 μg/ml. The AO/ET assay shows compact nucleus and fine cytoplasmic morphology in control cells and apoptotic stage in treated cells Conclusion: This study suggests that ZnO NPs can be prepared in environment-friendly method using aqueous extract of L. acutangula and can be used in cancer treatment effectively

Effect of E121 treatment on the macroscopic score for colitis severity.

<p>Effect of E121 treatment on the macroscopic score for colitis severity.</p

Effect of E121 treatment on the histological score for colitis severity.

<p>Panels A and B represent histological assessment of colitis severity and the % of ulceration in the whole colon section respectively in the groups indicated. Histobars represent means ± SEM for 6 mice in each group. Asterisks denote significant difference from UT mice with p<0.05 (*) and, p<0.001 (**). Panel C illustrates a colon section taken from UT mouse showing normal regular mucosal architecture. Panel D illustrates a colon section taken from mouse treated by daily i.p vehicle plus DSS where there is significant mucosal destruction and immune cell recruitment. Panels E-H illustrate typical colon sections taken from mice treated with various doses of E121 plus DSS. Treatment with 60–100 mg/kg doses of E121 improved mucosal integrity and reduced the enhanced immune cell recruitment (panels G and H). Bars represent 150 μm. Left pictures were taken at 5x magnification, while right pictures were taken at 10x magnification.</p

Anti-Inflammatory Action of Angiotensin 1-7 in Experimental Colitis.

BACKGROUND:There is evidence to support a role for angiotensin (Ang) 1-7 in reducing the activity of inflammatory signaling molecules such as MAPK, PKC and SRC. Enhanced angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression has been observed in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) suggesting a role in its pathogenesis, prompting this study. METHODS:The colonic expression/activity profile of ACE2, Ang 1-7, MAS1-receptor (MAS1-R), MAPK family and Akt were determined by western blot and immunofluorescence. The effect of either exogenous administration of Ang 1-7 or pharmacological inhibition of its function (by A779 treatment) was determined using the mouse dextran sulfate sodium model. RESULTS:Enhanced colonic expression of ACE2, Ang1-7 and MAS1-R was observed post-colitis induction. Daily Ang 1-7 treatment (0.01-0.06 mg/kg) resulted in significant amelioration of DSS-induced colitis. In contrast, daily administration of A779 significantly worsened features of colitis. Colitis-associated phosphorylation of p38, ERK1/2 and Akt was reduced by Ang 1-7 treatment. CONCLUSION:Our results indicate important anti-inflammatory actions of Ang 1-7 in the pathogenesis of IBD, which may provide a future therapeutic strategy to control the disease progression

Inspection of the surface of thin wires using laser scattering at oblique illumination

Conventional methods of estimating surface roughness have limited use in the case of thin wires. This paper discusses the use of laser scattering with oblique illumination to identify the region of roughness along the axis of the wire. A method to localise the sector of roughness along the circumference of thin wire is also described