Insights into the Genetic Architecture of Early Stage Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Genome-Wide Association Study Meta-Analysis

10.1371/journal.pone.0053830PLoS ONE81

A Study On The Environmental Education In The Metropolis Schools Of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

The machinery “Environmental Education” is to work towards sustainable development at different levels. Arguments exist on the factors accountable towards environmental damages. Human intervention, ranging from local to global level on environmental issues has been realized. Hence, formal and informal education is the identified tool for transformation. Environmental education at school level is one of the sources to infuse the young generation with a concern and responsive act towards environmental protection and conservation. Policies on envisaging environmental education in schools have not gone beyond the blackboard. Ethiopia is not an exemption of such environmental problems and the intended goals of environmental education through schools have not produced the desired results. The paper draws on a research conducted by the authors on the effectiveness of environmental education in the Metropolis schools of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The paper argues that EE in Ethiopia has been given through infusion approach and mainly focus on Chalk and Talk system, which focuses on root memorization of factual knowledge about the environment. Keywords: Environmental Education, environment al issues, Ethiopian Schools, knowledge level Journal of Environmental Extension Vol. 7 2008: pp. 22-3

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Not AvailableAquaculture development has been in a rapid phase and many of the states in India have progressed showing way for sustainable livelihoods for rural and urban communities. In the recent years the state Chhattisgarh has shown an unprecedented growth in terms of production and productivity in aquaculture. There has been several studies on the growth of Indian fisheries and its contribution to GDP and as a livelihood option for millions of Indians. Very few studies has been attempted to analyze what, why and how of aquaculture development in a prominent state like Chhattisgarh. This paper is an attempt taken by ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha to study the prominence of aquaculture in the state of Chhattisgarh. The study concludes that use of viable technologies coupled with robust fisheries policies have been the key for success of the state fisheries. The productivity in community ponds is 3055 kg/ha/year against the national average of 2200kg/ha/year and the average production of reservoir is 202 kg/ha/year against the national average of 48 kg/ha/year. The state has brought fish culture to about 90% of the total area suitable for aquaculture. Centrally sponsored scheme Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) had a clear impact which was implemented in 2007 and during that period the growth in Chhattisgarh fisheries was 13.8% in 2008-09 which was only 1.2% in 2007-08 and then all time growth rate of 30.97% was observed during 2010-11. The paper also lists out several such reasons that have been a prime mover for flourishing aquaculture in the state.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe study investigated the important epidemiological parameters and farm-level economic costs of FMD incidence in cattle and buffaloes during 2013-14 to 2015-16 in various states of India. Multistage random sampling procedure was adopted for the primary survey and data was collected through face-to-face personal interview from 18,609 cattle and buffalo rearing farm households from 123 districts across twelve states and one Union Territory. Besides epidemiological parameters, different farm-level direct and indirect loss associated with FMD was assessed at disaggregated level (states) by employing deterministic mathematical models. Highest number of affected villages and disease incidence was observed in non- FMD control programme (FMD-CP) implemented Madhya Pradesh and Assam states, respectively whereas negligible incidence was in FMD-CP implemented Punjab state. The disease incidence was high during 2013-14 and declined during 2014-15 and 2015-16, respectively implied severe incidence scenario (2013-14) succeeded by moderate (2014-15) and mild (2015-16) scenarios. The crossbred and high productive animals were severely affected than local breeds whereas on sexwise and agewise comparison revealed higher incidence in females and adult animals. During severe incidence scenario, milk loss/animal ranged from USD 6.87-47.44, 18.42-125.88, 16.33-91.43, and 27.17-123.62; mortality loss/animal ranged from USD 32.61-804.27, 30.76-577.7, 65.36-502.2, and 188.04-413.7; distress sale loss/animal ranged from USD 3.22-188.63, 64.34-519.3, 214.47-341.8, and 209.11-450.3; and opportunity cost of labour/animal from USD 5.49-54.29, 5.49-67.78; 7.95-31.37 and 9.83-72.38 in indigenous cattle, crossbred cattle, local and improved buffalo, respectively. The estimated draught power loss/animal varied from USD 39.46-142.94 with least being in Madhya Pradesh and highest in Assam states whereas the median treatment cost/animal was USD 9.18 and USD 27.07 in indigenous cattle and upgraded buffaloes, respectively. The total farm-level economic loss projected due to FMD in cattle and buffaloes in India was USD 3159 million (INR 221,110 million), USD 270 million (INR 18,910 million) and USD 152 million (INR 10,610 million), respectively during the severe, moderate and mild incidence scenarios at 2015-16 constant prices. The loss varied across the states, and in severe incidence scenario, the country might lose USD 3.2 billion/year and hence, the bi-annual vaccination schedule need to be strictly implemented in all the states. Besides timely vaccination coverage, managing unabated animal movement, educating and motivating the farmers to vaccinate their animals might reduce the incidence and consequential losses to various stakeholders in endemic states like IndiaNot Availabl