Efficient in vitro organogenesis and plantlets regeneration in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)-an important oilseed crop

The regeneration methods in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) already developed were genotype dependent and were unsuccessful for Indian cultivars. Hence, an efficient protocol for in vitro organogenesis and plant regeneration in sesame was attempted with TMV 3 cultivar. Immature cotyledons derived from 1-week old seedlings were cultured on MS (Murashige and Shoog) medium fortified with different concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), thidiazuran (TDZ) and kinetin for adventitious shoot induction. It was found that optimal medium for direct shoot formation was MS with BAP (2.0 mg/l) at a frequency of 74% with an average of 4.5 shoots per expalnt. The shoot regeneration frequency was significantly reduced with either TDZ or kinetin when compared with BAP alone. Elongated individual shoots were transferred on MS media supplemented with Indole Butyric Acid (IBA; 0.5 mg/l) showed rooting frequency of 70%. The rooted plantlets were acclimatized to potting mixture containing sand, soil and clay mixture and grown to maturity with survival rate of 65 %. No phenotypic aberrations were observed among the ex vitro transferred plantlets. The protocol described here assures a high frequency of shoot regeneration, root induction and also plant survival rate

Efficient in vitro organogenesis and plantlets regeneration in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)-an important oilseed crop

The regeneration methods in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) already developed were genotype dependent and were unsuccessful for Indian cultivars. Hence, an efficient protocol for in vitro organogenesis and plant regeneration in sesame was attempted with TMV 3 cultivar. Immature cotyledons derived from 1-week old seedlings were cultured on MS (Murashige and Shoog) medium fortified with different concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), thidiazuran (TDZ) and kinetin for adventitious shoot induction. It was found that optimal medium for direct shoot formation was MS with BAP (2.0 mg/l) at a frequency of 74% with an average of 4.5 shoots per expalnt. The shoot regeneration frequency was significantly reduced with either TDZ or kinetin when compared with BAP alone. Elongated individual shoots were transferred on MS media supplemented with Indole Butyric Acid (IBA; 0.5 mg/l) showed rooting frequency of 70%. The rooted plantlets were acclimatized to potting mixture containing sand, soil and clay mixture and grown to maturity with survival rate of 65 %. No phenotypic aberrations were observed among the ex vitro transferred plantlets. The protocol described here assures a high frequency of shoot regeneration, root induction and also plant survival rate

Boron Nitride Fabrication Techniques and Physical Properties

The III-nitride semiconductors are known for their excellent extrinsic properties like direct bandgap, low electron affinity, and chemical and thermal stability. Among III-nitride semiconductors, boron nitride has proven to be a favorable candidate for common dimension materials in several crystalline forms due to its sp2- or sp3-hybridized atomic orbitals. Among all crystalline forms, hexagonal (h-BN) and cubic (c-BN) are considered as the most stable crystalline forms. Like carbon allotropes, the BN has been obtained in different nanostructured forms, e.g., BN nanotube, BN fullerene, and BN nanosheets. The BN nanosheets are a few atomic layers of BN in which boron and nitrogen are arranged in-planer in hexagonal form. The nanostructure sheets are used for sensors, microwave optics, dielectric gates, and ultraviolet emitters. The most effective and preferred technique to fabricate BN materials is through CVD. During the growth, BN formation occurs as a bottom-up growth mechanism in which boron and nitrogen atoms form a few layers on the substrate. This technique is suitable for high quality and large-area growth. Although a few monolayers of BN are grown for most applications, these few monolayers are hard to detect by any optical means as BN is transparent to a wide range of wavelengths. This chapter will discuss the physical properties and growth of BN materials in detail

Recent Advancements in GaN LED Technology

Gallium nitride (GaN)-based solid state lighting technology has revolutionized the semiconductor industry. The GaN technology has played a crucial role in reducing world energy demand as well as reducing the carbon footprint. As per the reports, the global demand for lighting has reduced around 13% of total energy consumption in 2018. The Department of Energy (USA) has estimated that bright white LED source could reduce their energy consumption for lighting by 29% by 2025. Most of the GaN LEDs are grown in c-direction, and this direction gives high growth rate and good crystal integrity. On the other hand, the c-plane growth induces piezoelectric polarization, which reduces the overall efficiency of LEDs since the last decade researchers round the globe working on III-N material to improve the existing technology and to push the limit of III-V domain. Now, the non-polar and semi-polar grown LEDs are under investigation for improved efficiency. With the recent development, the GaN is not only limited to lighting, but latest innovations also led the development of micro-LEDs, lasers projection and point source. These developments have pushed GaN into the realm of display technology. The miniaturization of the GaN-based micro-LED and integration of GaN on silicon driving the application into fast response photonic integrated circuits (ICs). Most of the recent advancements in GaN LED field would be discussed in detail

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Not AvailableConsidering the importance of polycentric anaerobic rumen fungi in fiber digestibility and in the paucity of any reports in Indian cattle an attempt was made to isolate and characterize Orpinomyces species employing a combination of both morphological and molecular methods. Around six hundred rumen liquor/fecal samples of cows and buffaloes were collected from various locations within the country in order to characterize Opinomyces species predominant in Indian cattle and buffaloes using medium 10X and hungate roll tubes. Orpinomyces genera were characterized by the presence of numerous coralloid sporangiophore complexes with large bulbous sporangia and polyflagellated zoospores similar to those of Neocallimastix sp., Orpinomyces joyonii and Orpinomyces intercalaris were the two predominant species obtained with the former being characterized by the spherical sporangia developing on branched or simple sporangiophore complexes with the hypae having light constrictions, while the latter had globose sporangia developing from expansion of hyphae or as lateral outgrowths but rarely terminal. The hydrolytic enzyme activities of the two species of Orpinomyces showed that O. joyonii was characterized by high endoglucanase, xylanase and β-glucosidase activity while Orpinomyces intercalaris showed higher activities of cellobiohydrolase and β-xylosidase showing different strategy for fiber degradation. The DNA-based methodologies were used to identify the isolated Orpinomyces using Internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1) analysis of the fungal rDNA genes. Three of the Indian isolates (NIANP 49, NIANP 58 and NIANP 60) had motifs 5, 8, 7 and 5 corresponding to Variable region I, II, III and IV, respectively and morphologically were identified as Orpinomyces joyonii. The sequence of two isolates (NIANP 57 and 59) however, was different from the rest of the isolates in having motif 8 in Variable region III and morphologically were identified as Orpinomyces intercalaris. Multiple alignments of obtained sequences showed all the isolates to fall within a single group together with the Piromyces II group. By the combination of morphological and phylogenetic analysis we showed that gut of Indian cattle and buffaloes was predominated by only two species viz.Orpinomyces joyonii and Orpinomyces intercalaris.Not Availabl

Characterization of morpho-quality traits and validation of bacterial blight resistance in pyramided rice genotypes under various hotspots of India

Abstract Bacterial blight (BB) disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae (Xoo) is the main yield limiting factor amongst the diseases of rice in India. Swarna is a very popular high yielding variety in India but highly susceptible to the disease. Six pyramided lines containing three BB resistance genes xa5, xa13, Xa21 in the background of Swarna and IR64 were evaluated across the country under different hotspots to identify broad spectrum resistant line to promote as cultivar and donor for future breeding program. Characterizations for morphological and quality traits along with bioassay of the genotypes were performed across environments to know similarities of pyramided lines with the recurrent parents. Under the multi-location testing, pyramided line CRMAS2232-85 exhibited superior yield and related traits performance along with higher level of resistance to BB disease as compared to parental lines and check varieties. All the pyramided lines including CRMAS 2232-85 showed the presence of specific bands for Xa21, xa13 and xa5 resistance genes. The top yielding line also showed similar agro-morphologic characters like days to 50% flowering, panicles/m 2 and plant height. The milling%, head rice recovery, kernel length, L/B ratio, volume expansion ratio, water uptake, kernel length after cooking, alkali spreading value, kernel elongation ratio, amylose content and starch gel consistency quality parameters of best pyramided line were similar as like the recurrent parent

Population Structure, Genetic Diversity and Molecular Marker-Trait Association Analysis for High Temperature Stress Tolerance in Rice

<div><p>Rice exhibits enormous genetic diversity, population structure and molecular marker-traits associated with abiotic stress tolerance to high temperature stress. A set of breeding lines and landraces representing 240 germplasm lines were studied. Based on spikelet fertility percent under high temperature, tolerant genotypes were broadly classified into four classes. Genetic diversity indicated a moderate level of genetic base of the population for the trait studied. Wright’s F statistic estimates showed a deviation of Hardy-Weinberg expectation in the population. The analysis of molecular variance revealed 25 percent variation between population, 61 percent among individuals and 14 percent within individuals in the set. The STRUCTURE analysis categorized the entire population into three sub-populations and suggested that most of the landraces in each sub-population had a common primary ancestor with few admix individuals. The composition of materials in the panel showed the presence of many QTLs representing the entire genome for the expression of tolerance. The strongly associated marker RM547 tagged with spikelet fertility under stress and the markers like RM228, RM205, RM247, RM242, INDEL3 and RM314 indirectly controlling the high temperature stress tolerance were detected through both mixed linear model and general linear model TASSEL analysis. These markers can be deployed as a resource for marker-assisted breeding program of high temperature stress tolerance.</p></div