Orthodontic Study Model Discrepancy Analysis on Mixed Dentition: A Narrative Review

Background: Attention in the form of dental treatment should be given to the phase of children’s teeth that are still in the growth and development stage. The analysis of mixed dentition phase arch is an important criterion in determining the orthodontic treatment plan. Ideally, there is sufficient space so that unerupted teeth can erupt into the oral cavity and not cause crowding of teeth. Several analyzes are needed to confirm the orthodontic diagnosis, one of which is the analysis of the study model. The most widely used alternating mixed dentition analysis is the analysis of the Moyers prediction table and the analysis of the Tanaka-Johnston equation. Both analyzes came from populations of Northern European ancestry but proved unapplicable to populations of various races. Purpose: The purpose of this study aims to determine whether the analysis of the Moyers prediction table and the analysis of the Tanaka-Johnston equation is an accurate analysis if used in several populations through narrative review. Review: Based on the results of the research that has been done, certain populations showed higher prediction results than the actual value. Conclusion: The analysis of the Moyers prediction table and the Tanaka-Johnston equation is not suitable if applied to certain populations, because the results differ from the actual value with the predicted value

Number of osteoclasts, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-b ligand and osteoprotegerin expression in electrolyzed reduced water-treated orthodontic tooth movement in Wistar rats

Purpose: To analyse the potential use of electrolyzed reduced water effect (ERW) in the treatment of orthodontic tooth movement in Wistar rats by means of osteoclast number, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) expressions. Methods: ERW was produced by an electrolysis machine that rendered the water pH alkaline. A dose of ERW 2.5 ml/100 g body weight was used for treatment for 7 days. The orthodontic tooth movement animal study was done by means of a rubber separator, with 0.0284 N force applied to the maxillary incisive tooth for 7 days. The rats were euthanized on days 3, 5 and 7 with the maxilla bone subsequently removed for immunohistochemistry examination. RANKL and OPG expression were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining and the osteoclast number determined with the aid of haematoxylin-eosin stain. Results: ERW decreased the osteoclast number in the treatment group on day 3 and OPG expression on day 7 and there was significant difference between the groups (p < 0.05). RANKL expression decreased on Day 7. There was a significant difference between treatment groups on Days 5 and 7. Conclusion: ERW significantly inhibits the number of osteoclasts, RANKL and OPG expression during orthodontic tooth movement after 3 and 7 days. ERW is thus a potential therapy for enhancement of bone remodeling in patients with orthodontic tooth movement

The Ability of Electrolyzed Reduced Water to Act as an Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Agent in Chronic Periodontitis Wistar Rats(Rattus novergicus)

The chronic periodontitis was inflammation characterized by macrophage activation which releases various metabolites such as ROS that, in turn, produces malondialdehida (MDA) a biological biomarker of lipid peroxidation. The aim of this research is to analyze the effect of Electrolyzed Reduced Water (ERW) on the levels of malondialdehyde, macrophage and lymphocytes cells in Wistar rats suffering from chronic periodontitis. It constitutes an experimental laboratory study incorporating a random sampling method. Twenty-one Wistar rats were induced with up to 106 Porphyromonas gingivalis in the proximal area of the mandibular molar and divided into three groups which were administered orally on a daily basis as follows: a control negative group (distilled water); a control positive group (a dose of vitamin C at 1.08 mg/200 g Body Weight/day) and a treatment group (20 mL ERW) and observed between Day 1 and Day 14. Samples of gingival tissue were taken from the subjects for analysis with malondialdehyde and the conducting of macrophage and lymphocyte cell counts on Day 14. Data analysis comprised a One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and a Mann Whitney test (P0.05). ERW can decrease the level of malondialdehyde (4.3±0.7), the number of macrophage cells (19.4±8.6) and the number of lymphocyte cells (8.5±0.8) in the treatment group. The ERW mechanism can, therefore, be said to suppress the occurrence of further tissue damage triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Chronic Periodontitis

Number of osteoclasts, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-b ligand and osteoprotegerin expression in electrolyzed reduced water-treated orthodontic tooth movement in Wistar rats

Purpose: To analyse the potential use of electrolyzed reduced water effect (ERW) in the treatment of orthodontic tooth movement in Wistar rats by means of osteoclast number, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) expressions. Methods: ERW was produced by an electrolysis machine that rendered the water pH alkaline. A dose of ERW 2.5 ml/100 g body weight was used for treatment for 7 days. The orthodontic tooth movement animal study was done by means of a rubber separator, with 0.0284 N force applied to the maxillary incisive tooth for 7 days. The rats were euthanized on days 3, 5 and 7 with the maxilla bone subsequently removed for immunohistochemistry examination. RANKL and OPG expression were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining and the osteoclast number determined with the aid of haematoxylin-eosin stain. Results: ERW decreased the osteoclast number in the treatment group on day 3 and OPG expression on day 7 and there was significant difference between the groups (p < 0.05). RANKL expression decreased on Day 7. There was a significant difference between treatment groups on Days 5 and 7. Conclusion: ERW significantly inhibits the number of osteoclasts, RANKL and OPG expression during orthodontic tooth movement after 3 and 7 days. ERW is thus a potential therapy for enhancement of bone remodeling in patients with orthodontic tooth movement

The Ability of Electrolyzed Reduced Water to Act as an Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Agent in Chronic Periodontitis Wistar Rats (Rattus novergicus)

The chronic periodontitis was inflammation characterized by macrophage activation which releases various metabolites such as ROS that, in turn, produces malondialdehida (MDA) a biological biomarker of lipid peroxidation. The aim of this research is to analyze the effect of Electrolyzed Reduced Water (ERW) on the levels of malondialdehyde, macrophage and lymphocytes cells in Wistar rats suffering from chronic periodontitis. It constitutes an experimental laboratory study incorporating a random sampling method. Twenty-one Wistar rats were induced with up to 106 Porphyromonas gingivalis in the proximal area of the mandibular molar and divided into three groups which were administered orally on a daily basis as follows: a control negative group (distilled water); a control positive group (a dose of vitamin C at 1.08 mg/200 g Body Weight/day) and a treatment group (20 mL ERW) and observed between Day 1 and Day 14. Samples of gingival tissue were taken from the subjects for analysis with malondialdehyde and the conducting of macrophage and lymphocyte cell counts on Day 14. Data analysis comprised a One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and a Mann Whitney test (P<0.05) based on a Saphiro-Wilk normality test and a Levene Test for Equality of Variances or a Kruskal Wallis test (P>0.05). ERW can decrease the level of malondialdehyde (4.3±0.7), the number of macrophage cells (19.4±8.6) and the number of lymphocyte cells (8.5±0.8) in the treatment group. The ERW mechanism can, therefore, be said to suppress the occurrence of further tissue damage triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Chronic Periodontitis