LINK RATE AUTO NEGOTIATION BETWEEN ECPRI IWFS IN 5G/LTE-A FRONTHAUL/XHAUL PACKET NETWORK

The enhanced Common Public Radio Interface (eCPRI) specification presents a probabilistic method for link rate negotiation in an eCPRI and Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) interworking scenario which gets further complicated and more time consuming due to presence of two interim CPRI links and one fronthaul network path, generally resulting in multiple iterations of CPRI negotiations in the interim links. To address these types of challenges techniques are presented herein that support, among other things, bringing the eCPRI link rate negotiation on par with the rate negotiation which is employed in a direct point-to-point connected CPRI link so that, among other things, the multiple iterations may be reduced or eliminated. That is, a Radio Equipment Controller (REC) and the Radio Equipment (RE) start the link rate negotiation at the same time or the REC\u27s transmit (Tx) cycle and RE\u27s receive (Rx) cycles are phase aligned and start at the same time (similar to the direct point-to-point CPRI link)

Energy Efficient Clustering Protocols in Cognitive Network for Better CR Performances

Volume 7 Issue 11 (November 201

Comparative study between levobupivacaine with clonidine and levobupivacaine with fentanyl in epidural labour analgesia in rural set up

Background: Neuraxial techniques are the gold standard for intrapartum labour analgesia. Neuraxial labour analgesia using new local anaesthetics such as levobupivacaine has become very popular by virtue of the safety and lesser motor blockade caused by these agents. Multiple randomized controlled trials comparing epidural analgesia with systemic opioids, nitrous oxide or both have demonstrated lower internal pain scores and higher maternal satisfaction with neuraxial analgesia. The purpose of this study is to compare fentanyl and clonidine combination with levobupivacaine in terms of effect of epidural labour analgesia on fetal outcome and incidence of instrumental or caesarean delivery and duration of second stage of labour.Methods: A total of 50 primiparous with singleton pregnancy and vertex presentation and cervical dilatation of 3-5 cm were enrolled for the study in our hospital in department of obstetrics and gynecology. They were divided into group 1 and group 2 (25 patients in each group). Group 1 received 10 ml. of 0.125% isobaric levobupivacaine with 25µg fentanyl and group 2 received 10 ml of 0.125% isobaric levobupivacaine with 60 µg clonidine. Parturients were given epidural analgesia on numerical rating scale (NRS) Score >3. Breakthrough pain supplemented with 3-5 ml of 0.125% levobupivacaine. Data collected were demographic profile of the patients, analgesic qualities, 1st and 2nd stage labour duration, side effects and feto-maternal outcome.Results: Post treatment mean NRS were almost similar between two groups at all periods except at 15 minutes when it was significantly lower for group 2 (2.64±0.49). Onset of analgesia was earlier in group 2 (13.68±0.94) in comparison to group 1 (15.36±1.18) and was statistically significant.Conclusions: In conclusion Group 2 (levobupivacaine with clonidine) showed significant difference in early onset of analgesia but did not show any significant difference in duration of labour, maternal and fetal outcome and mode of delivery

LOW LATENCY LOW LOSS UNDER 1 MSEC PROTECTION IN 5G/LTE-A PACKET FRONTHAUL

Protection switching is important in a Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Fifth Generation (5G) fronthaul network and for ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC) types of applications. For example, protection switching requirements may necessitate an under one millisecond (msec) low loss and low latency protection switch over to, among other things, avoid a cell reset and support the emerging area of URLLC. To address those types of challenges, techniques are presented herein that support, among other things, a dedicated protection mechanism that is handled in a data plane where such protection switching is triggered in the data plane itself without any protocol interaction. Aspects of the techniques presented herein encompass, among other things, the dynamic configuration of a re-timer buffer depth, a custom extension header in a Radio over Ethernet (RoE) packet to support the conveyance of an indication of a path failure, little dependency on the transport network, etc

Biofortification of Wheat Landraces: Recent QTL Mapping Advances

Micronutrients play an indispensable role in human and animal growth. In the world, many people are suffering from malnutrition and micronutrient deficiency mainly due to lack of zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe). Several crops are grown, such as wheat, rice, maize, and legumes, to address the challenges of micronutrient deficiency. Wheat landraces are evidently proven to be a rich source of genetic variability as against modern cultivated varieties due to thousands of years of their cultivation under low input farming systems. Landraces serve as a potential reservoir of desirable allelic forms of valuable traits but are low in traits like Zn and Fe. Wheat is a major cereal consumed worldwide and could be a good source to provide these micronutrients. Biofortification in wheat can be an effective way to solve the problem of malnutrition. Biofortification in wheat varieties may be enhanced by the application of molecular breeding approaches, such as genome editing, transgenic technology, and marker-assisted selection. These biofortified wheat varieties show better adaptation to environments. In this chapter, we included the recent advances in quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in biofortified wheat and the techniques used to develop biofortified wheat varieties

A New Adaptive OMP-MAP Algorithm-based Iterative Sparse Channel Estimation for OFDM Underwater Communication

A sparse channel estimation approach based on doubly spread underwater acoustic (UWA) channels is widely used todetect coherent acoustic orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals. A new time-domain channelestimation (CE) technique for OFDM based UWA communication with Rician fading is used to exploit the channel sparsity.First, to improve the estimation accuracy in high noise conditions, we have exploited the channel sparsity to generate aclosed-form equation for the termination condition. Then, in low-level noise instances, the additional criterion to balanceestimation accuracy and computing costs has been established. By incorporating these two requirements within theorthogonal-matching-pursuit (OMP) structure, an adaptive-OMP (AOMP) algorithm has been proposed. The AOMP andmaximum a posteriori probability (MAP) techniques are combined to provide a computationally efficient, and a newAOMP-MAP scheme for estimating the sparse complex channel path gain has been proposed. Further, The minimumvariance unbiased estimator is used to improve the proposed CE technique. Exploiting the experimental channel data,computer simulations reveal that the proposed CE technique obtains the outstanding outcomes