A Neighbor-Joining tree showing the genetic similarity between Çatalhöyük (CH) and contemporary wheat species (<i>Triticum</i> sp.).

<p><b>A</b> Neighbor-Joining tree showing the genetic similarity between the Çatalhöyük (CH) and contemporary wheat species (<i>Triticum</i> sp.) based on the DNA sequences excluding the PCR primer sites. CH_M (Çatalhöyük61) and CH_E (Çatalhöyük62) denote the sequences obtained from samples previously classified as emmer (CH61 E.IV, ~6200 BC_calibrated) and einkorn (CH62 E.VI, ~6400 BC_calibrated), respectively; parentheses denote multiple clone copies of the same allele. Genomic compositions are presented as the subscript to each species, including two hexaploid forms, naked (<i>T</i>. <i>aestivum</i>) and hulled (<i>T</i>. <i>spelta</i>) wheat. The Bootstrap values are printed next to the branches. The sequences have been deposited in to GenBank under the accession numbers AF528823-AF528844.</p

Autoradiograph of the radioactively labeled PCR amplification products of the Çatalhöyük samples separated on DNA sequencing gel.

<p>1) Modern <i>T</i>. <i>durum</i> targeting 243 bp long PCR amplification product of Glu locus. 2) No DNA, negative control of PCR loaded on lane 1. 3) PCR with Çatalhöyük samples extraction blank. 4) PCR with Çatalhöyük62 and 5) Emmer DNA isolates. 6) PCR with Baklatepe sample extraction blank. 7) PCR with a Baklatepe sample. 8) Modern <i>T</i>. <i>durum</i>. 9) No DNA, negative control of PCR loaded on lane 8. 10) PCR with extraction blank. 11) PCR with Çatalhöyük62 and 12) Çatalhöyük61 DNA isolates. 13) PCR with a Baklatepe sample extraction blank. 14) PCR with a Baklatepe sample. B) Blank lanes. Lanes A) DNA sequencing reaction products with ddATP and G) DNA are sequencing reaction products with ddGTP of M13mp18 ssDNA using a T7 primer. The arrows on the left indicate the lengths in bp, the arrows on the right (lanes 11 and 12) indicate the top and bottom alleles in the Çatalhöyük samples.</p

Locations of the Turkish archaeological sites.

<p>Locations of the Turkish archaeological sites where the ancient wheat samples were obtained. [Image is for representative purpose only. [Source—<a href="http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw" target="_blank">http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw</a>. Licensed under Creative Commons 3.0 Attribution License.]</p

Archaeological wheat samples analyzed in this study.

<p>Archaeological wheat samples analyzed in this study.</p

Target regions Nuclear-HMW glutenin promoter and sequences of the PCR primers utilized in the ancient DNA amplifications in the current study.

<p>Target regions Nuclear-HMW glutenin promoter and sequences of the PCR primers utilized in the ancient DNA amplifications in the current study.</p

Mapping routine measles vaccination in low- and middle-income countries

The safe, highly effective measles vaccine has been recommended globally since 1974, yet in 2017 there were more than 17 million cases of measles and 83,400 deaths in children under 5 years old, and more than 99% of both occurred in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)1–4. Globally comparable, annual, local estimates of routine first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) coverage are critical for understanding geographically precise immunity patterns, progress towards the targets of the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP), and high-risk areas amid disruptions to vaccination programmes caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)5–8. Here we generated annual estimates of routine childhood MCV1 coverage at 5 × 5-km2 pixel and second administrative levels from 2000 to 2019 in 101 LMICs, quantified geographical inequality and assessed vaccination status by geographical remoteness. After widespread MCV1 gains from 2000 to 2010, coverage regressed in more than half of the districts between 2010 and 2019, leaving many LMICs far from the GVAP goal of 80% coverage in all districts by 2019. MCV1 coverage was lower in rural than in urban locations, although a larger proportion of unvaccinated children overall lived in urban locations; strategies to provide essential vaccination services should address both geographical contexts. These results provide a tool for decision-makers to strengthen routine MCV1 immunization programmes and provide equitable disease protection for all children