Comparison of morphometric relationships and condition indices in mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819, sampled in the Rovinj coastal area, Northern Adriatic

Indeks kondicije (IK) je čimbenik koji ukazuje na fiziološke i bioenergetske promjene u organizmu na nekom području. Morfološka obilježja organizama ukazuju na prilagođenost području gdje obitavaju, te u kakvoj zajednici žive. U ovom radu uzorkovane su Mediteranske dagnje Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1891 na pet postaja: Limski zaljev, tvornica duhana Rovinj, ACI Marina Rovinj, Valdibora i Mirna u travnju 2013 godine. Postaje su odabrane prema različitom stupnju onečišćenja. Izmjereni su morfometrijski parametri, izračunati morfometrijski odnosi i indeks kondicije (IK) dagnji s promatranih postaja. Rezultati pokazuju da dagnje s postaje ACI Marina Rovinj imaju najniži indeks kondicije, a slijedi ju postaja Valdibora, Mirna, Tvornica duhana Rovinj, te naposljetku Limski kanal što odgovara i stupnju onečišćenja postaja sve do referentne postaje.. Limski kanal je uzet kao kontrolna postaja s najmanjim onečišćenjem, te su posljedično dagnje s tog područja imale najveći IK i dužinu ljušture. Najniži morfometrijski odnosi visine/širine i dužine/visine, te najveći širine/dužine u školjkašima uzorkovani kod Mirne ukazuju na stanište pod većim utjecajem valova te formiranja gustih kolonija, kada usporedimo s ostalim postajama. Izmjereni parametri pokazuju prilagodbu organizma na stanje u okolišu, kao i utjecaj drugih organizama, pa tako i čovjeka.The condition Index (CI) is a factor related to physiological and bioenergy changes in the organism in a specific area. Morphological ratios of organisms point to the area caracterization and in what community they live in. In this study, Mediterranean mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1891 were sampled at five stations: Lim Bay, Tobacco Factory Rovinj, ACI Marina Rovinj, Valdibora and Mirna in April 2013. The sampling stations were selected towards different degrees of pollution. Morphometric parameters were measured, morphometric ratios and condition indices were calculated in mussels collected from the observed sampling stations. The results show that mussels from the ACI Marina Rovinj had the lowest condition index, followed by Valdibora, Mirna, Tobacco Factory Rovinj and finally the Lim Bay which was proportional to the level of pollution. Lim Bay was taken as a control station with the lowest pollution, and consequently, the mussels from this area had the largest IC and the length of the shell. The lowest height/width and length/height ratios, as well as the greatest width/length in mussels sampled at Mirna sation, indicate the habitat under the influence of stronger waves and of the dense colonies when compared to other stations. Measured parameters showed the organism's adaptation to the environment, as well as the influence of other organisms, as well as human impact

Comparison of morphometric relationships and condition indices in mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819, sampled in the Rovinj coastal area, Northern Adriatic

Indeks kondicije (IK) je čimbenik koji ukazuje na fiziološke i bioenergetske promjene u organizmu na nekom području. Morfološka obilježja organizama ukazuju na prilagođenost području gdje obitavaju, te u kakvoj zajednici žive. U ovom radu uzorkovane su Mediteranske dagnje Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1891 na pet postaja: Limski zaljev, tvornica duhana Rovinj, ACI Marina Rovinj, Valdibora i Mirna u travnju 2013 godine. Postaje su odabrane prema različitom stupnju onečišćenja. Izmjereni su morfometrijski parametri, izračunati morfometrijski odnosi i indeks kondicije (IK) dagnji s promatranih postaja. Rezultati pokazuju da dagnje s postaje ACI Marina Rovinj imaju najniži indeks kondicije, a slijedi ju postaja Valdibora, Mirna, Tvornica duhana Rovinj, te naposljetku Limski kanal što odgovara i stupnju onečišćenja postaja sve do referentne postaje.. Limski kanal je uzet kao kontrolna postaja s najmanjim onečišćenjem, te su posljedično dagnje s tog područja imale najveći IK i dužinu ljušture. Najniži morfometrijski odnosi visine/širine i dužine/visine, te najveći širine/dužine u školjkašima uzorkovani kod Mirne ukazuju na stanište pod većim utjecajem valova te formiranja gustih kolonija, kada usporedimo s ostalim postajama. Izmjereni parametri pokazuju prilagodbu organizma na stanje u okolišu, kao i utjecaj drugih organizama, pa tako i čovjeka.The condition Index (CI) is a factor related to physiological and bioenergy changes in the organism in a specific area. Morphological ratios of organisms point to the area caracterization and in what community they live in. In this study, Mediterranean mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1891 were sampled at five stations: Lim Bay, Tobacco Factory Rovinj, ACI Marina Rovinj, Valdibora and Mirna in April 2013. The sampling stations were selected towards different degrees of pollution. Morphometric parameters were measured, morphometric ratios and condition indices were calculated in mussels collected from the observed sampling stations. The results show that mussels from the ACI Marina Rovinj had the lowest condition index, followed by Valdibora, Mirna, Tobacco Factory Rovinj and finally the Lim Bay which was proportional to the level of pollution. Lim Bay was taken as a control station with the lowest pollution, and consequently, the mussels from this area had the largest IC and the length of the shell. The lowest height/width and length/height ratios, as well as the greatest width/length in mussels sampled at Mirna sation, indicate the habitat under the influence of stronger waves and of the dense colonies when compared to other stations. Measured parameters showed the organism's adaptation to the environment, as well as the influence of other organisms, as well as human impact

Antioxidant capacity of the queen scallop Aequipecten opercularis tissue

Antioksidansi su važne molekule koje inhibiraju djelovanje nestabilnih slobodnih radikala u stanici donirajući im jedan svoj elektron. U novije vrijeme sve je veća potreba za prirodnijim antioksidansima odnosno bioaktivnim tvarima. Jedni od spojeva koji su pokazali najveći potencijal za antioksidacijsku zaštitu organizma od slobodnih radikala su fenolni spojevi. Istraživanja fenolnih spojeva se baziraju uglavnom na biljkama. Istraživanja za prirodnijim antioksidansima iz morskih organizama su u porastu, no i dalje je vrlo mali broj dostupnih podataka o antioksidacijskom potencijalu morskih školjkaša. Stoga se ovaj diplomski rad bavi određivanjem antioksidativne sposobnosti češljače Aequipecten opercularis pomoću triju spektrofotometrijskih metoda (ABTS, FRAP, DPPH). Za ekstrakciju fenolnih spojeva su korištena tri različita otapala deionizirana voda (dH2O), 70 % etanol (EtOH), te 90 % metanol (MeOH). Jedinke su uzorkovane na području Medulinskog zaljeva u rano proljeće. Kako bi se prikupili podaci za morfometrijska mjerenja i određivanje indeksa kondcije nad jedinkama su provedena morfometrijska mjerenja i vaganja. Na temelju dobivenih podataka je određen antioksidacijski kapacitet tkiva češljače. Antioksidacijski kapacitet bio je najvećih vrijednosti kod vodenog ekstrakta u sve tri korištene metode. Metoda ABTS je pokazala najbolje rezultate antioksidacijskog kapaciteta, zatim slijedi DPPH metoda i na kraju FRAP metoda. Fenolni spojevi u tkivu češljače Aequipecten opercularis pokazuju antioksidacijski potencijal, te bi se u budućnosti mogli koristiti za prehranu čovjeka, a u svrhu obrane organizma od slobodnih radikala i sprečavanja ili ublažavanja bolesti koje oni izazivaju.Antioxidants are important molecules that inhibit the action of unstable free radicals in the cell by donating one of its electrons. In recent times, there is an increasing need for natural antioxidants, ie bioactive substances. One of the compounds that showed the greatest potential for antioxidant protection of the body against free radicals are phenolic compounds. Research on phenolic compounds is mainly based on plants. Research on natural antioxidants from marine organisms is on the rise, but there is still very little available data on the antioxidant potential of marine shellfish. Therefore, this thesis deals with the determination of the antioxidant abilities of the comb Aequipecten opercularis using three spectrophotometric methods (ABTS, FRAP, DPPH). For the extraction of phenolic compounds, three different solvents were used: deionized water (dH2O), 70% ethanol (EtOH), and 90% methanol (MeOH). Individuals were sampled in the Medulin Bay area in early spring. In order to collect data for morphometric measurements and determination of the condition index, morphometric measurements and weighing were performed on the individuals. Based on the obtained data, the antioxidant capacity of comb tissue was determined. The antioxidant capacity was the highest in the aqueous extract in all three methods used. The ABTS method showed the best results of antioxidant capacity, followed by the DPPH method and finally the FRAP method. Phenolic compounds in the tissue of the comb Aequipecten opercularis show antioxidant potential, and in the future could be used for human use in order to defend the body against free radicals and prevent or alleviate the diseases they cause

Antioxidant capacity of the queen scallop Aequipecten opercularis tissue

Antioksidansi su važne molekule koje inhibiraju djelovanje nestabilnih slobodnih radikala u stanici donirajući im jedan svoj elektron. U novije vrijeme sve je veća potreba za prirodnijim antioksidansima odnosno bioaktivnim tvarima. Jedni od spojeva koji su pokazali najveći potencijal za antioksidacijsku zaštitu organizma od slobodnih radikala su fenolni spojevi. Istraživanja fenolnih spojeva se baziraju uglavnom na biljkama. Istraživanja za prirodnijim antioksidansima iz morskih organizama su u porastu, no i dalje je vrlo mali broj dostupnih podataka o antioksidacijskom potencijalu morskih školjkaša. Stoga se ovaj diplomski rad bavi određivanjem antioksidativne sposobnosti češljače Aequipecten opercularis pomoću triju spektrofotometrijskih metoda (ABTS, FRAP, DPPH). Za ekstrakciju fenolnih spojeva su korištena tri različita otapala deionizirana voda (dH2O), 70 % etanol (EtOH), te 90 % metanol (MeOH). Jedinke su uzorkovane na području Medulinskog zaljeva u rano proljeće. Kako bi se prikupili podaci za morfometrijska mjerenja i određivanje indeksa kondcije nad jedinkama su provedena morfometrijska mjerenja i vaganja. Na temelju dobivenih podataka je određen antioksidacijski kapacitet tkiva češljače. Antioksidacijski kapacitet bio je najvećih vrijednosti kod vodenog ekstrakta u sve tri korištene metode. Metoda ABTS je pokazala najbolje rezultate antioksidacijskog kapaciteta, zatim slijedi DPPH metoda i na kraju FRAP metoda. Fenolni spojevi u tkivu češljače Aequipecten opercularis pokazuju antioksidacijski potencijal, te bi se u budućnosti mogli koristiti za prehranu čovjeka, a u svrhu obrane organizma od slobodnih radikala i sprečavanja ili ublažavanja bolesti koje oni izazivaju.Antioxidants are important molecules that inhibit the action of unstable free radicals in the cell by donating one of its electrons. In recent times, there is an increasing need for natural antioxidants, ie bioactive substances. One of the compounds that showed the greatest potential for antioxidant protection of the body against free radicals are phenolic compounds. Research on phenolic compounds is mainly based on plants. Research on natural antioxidants from marine organisms is on the rise, but there is still very little available data on the antioxidant potential of marine shellfish. Therefore, this thesis deals with the determination of the antioxidant abilities of the comb Aequipecten opercularis using three spectrophotometric methods (ABTS, FRAP, DPPH). For the extraction of phenolic compounds, three different solvents were used: deionized water (dH2O), 70% ethanol (EtOH), and 90% methanol (MeOH). Individuals were sampled in the Medulin Bay area in early spring. In order to collect data for morphometric measurements and determination of the condition index, morphometric measurements and weighing were performed on the individuals. Based on the obtained data, the antioxidant capacity of comb tissue was determined. The antioxidant capacity was the highest in the aqueous extract in all three methods used. The ABTS method showed the best results of antioxidant capacity, followed by the DPPH method and finally the FRAP method. Phenolic compounds in the tissue of the comb Aequipecten opercularis show antioxidant potential, and in the future could be used for human use in order to defend the body against free radicals and prevent or alleviate the diseases they cause

The Effect of <i>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</i> I-Enriched Diet on the Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Queen Scallop (<i>Aequipecten opercularis</i> Linnaeus, 1758) Extracts

The use of probiotics in the diet of bivalves poses a great potential in aquaculture as an alternative to antibiotics. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum I on the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity (AC) of queen scallop extracts after one month of feeding. Total phenols (TP) ranged from 28.17 ± 3.11 to 58.58 ± 8.57 mg GAE/100 g, total non-flavonoids (TNF) from 23.33 ± 3.66 to 36.56 ± 9.91 mg GAE/100 g, and total flavonoids (TF) from 10.56 ± 5.57 to 30.16 ± 1.69 mg CE/100 g. AC was assessed via three different methods: the ferric-reducing ability of plasma assay (FRAP), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid assay (ABTS), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl assay (DPPH). FRAP values ranged from 0.13 ± 0.03 to 0.17 ± 0.02 µM AA/g, ABTS from 0.68 ± 0.11 to 2.79 ± 0.34 µM AA/g, and DPPH from 1.75 ± 0.17 to 2.98 ± 0.53 µM AA/g. Among all extracts, the best phenolic content and AC were observed in water extracts from queen scallops. The bivalves treated with the Lactiplantibacillus plantarum I-enriched diet showed higher AC according to the FRAP assay in all extracts. A significant correlation was observed between AC and TP and TNF in control and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum I-treated scallops