Evaluating Helminth to Treat Type 2 Diabetes – A Review

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by lacking production of insulin and impaired insulin sensitivity. Despite the availability of antidiabetic drugs on the market, exploration of new therapeutic drugs for treating T2D from nature remains necessary. This review provides insights on the potential of helminths and helminth derived products to modulate immune response for treating T2D. We discussed several helminths that are under investigation in animal models for treating T2D namely Schistosoma mansoni, Nippostrongylus brasiliens, Litomosoides sigmodontis, and Strongyloides stercoralis. Finally, application of Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigens (SEA) in T2D treatment is also examined

Antibacterial Activity of Mangrove Root Extracts from Ngurah Rai Mangrove Forest, Denpasar-Bali

The increasing rate of antimicrobial resistance in the past decades has motivated the search for novel antibacterial compounds to overcome infectious diseases. Among diverse natural sources, mangrove ecosystems offer untapped sources of biological active compounds for future antibacterial medicine. This research was aimed to evaluate antibacterial activities of crude extracts of four dominant mangrove plants from the Ngurah Rai Mangrove Forest namely Rhizophora mucronata, Avicennia marina, Rhizophora apiculata, and Sonneratia alba. Roots of these four plants were extracted using methanol, chloroform, and n-hexane. These crude extracts were tested against two Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans) and two Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli dan Klebsiella pneumoniae) by disc difussion assay. We found that 3 mg/mL of N-hexane crude extracts from R. apiculata yielded the highest zone of inhibition of 8.64 mm against S. aureus. While, 3 mg/mL of chloroform crude extract of R. apiculata yielded the highest inhibition of 19.83 mm against S. mutans. Unfortunately, no zone of inhibition was observed when crude extracts were tested against Gram negative indicator strains. Our results indicate that the root crude extracts of R. apiculata yielded the highest zone of inhibition against Gram positive indicator strains compared to root crude extracts of R. mucronata, S. alba, and A. marina. Further research is required to determine the antibacterial activities of the mangrove crude extracts against other bacterial indicator strains to determine their spectrum of activities