6 research outputs found

    Guide de poche des dendro-microhabitats : Description des différents types de microhabitats liés aux arbres et des principales espÚces qui y sont associées

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    Le feuillage des arbres est bien connu pour offrir un abri aux oiseaux, Ă©cureuils et autres espĂšces aisĂ©ment observables. Mais les arbres recĂšlent, sur le tronc et les branches, une foule d’autres structures, de taille souvent modeste, qui fournissent abri, nourriture ou lieu de reproduction Ă  une grande diversitĂ© d’espĂšces parmi les animaux, les vĂ©gĂ©taux ou les champignons. Ces milieux de vie de petite taille portĂ©s par les arbres sont appelĂ©s «dendro-microhabitats» (fig. 1). Les dendro-microhabitats(en abrĂ©gĂ©: «dmh») prĂ©sentent, selon leur nature (arbre support vivant ou mort, localisation dans l’arbre, forme, degrĂ© de dĂ©composition du bois,...), des conditions de vie trĂšs diffĂ©rentes les unes des autres. Chaque type de dmh abrite par consĂ©quent des espĂšces bien spĂ©cifiques. Plus on compte de types de dmh dans un peuplement, plus on multiplie les milieux de vie et donc la capacitĂ© du peuplement Ă  accueillir un grand nombre d’espĂšces. Comme les dmh sont des milieux de vie spatialement isolĂ©s et Ă©volutifs, les espĂšces associĂ©es sont obligĂ©es de se dĂ©placer Ă  travers le peuplement pour trouver un dmh similaire, afin de rĂ©duire le parasitisme et le risque de prĂ©dation, de rencontrer d’autres individus pour se reproduire ou, bien sĂ»r, pour remplacer le dmh disparu. Ainsi, la frĂ©quence d’un mĂȘme type de dmh est Ă©galement trĂšs importante pour la survie des espĂšces associĂ©es Ă  ce type. Pour conserver une grande diversitĂ© d’espĂšces en forĂȘt et ainsi renforcer la rĂ©sistance et la rĂ©silience du peuplement, il est donc trĂšs utile d’apprendre Ă  reconnaĂźtre les dmh. Cela permet d’ĂȘtre Ă  mĂȘme de repĂ©rer les arbres-habitats Ă  conserver lors du martelage ou d’estimer la capacitĂ© d’accueil potentielle du peuplement pour les espĂšces

    No Evidence for Immune Priming in Ants Exposed to a Fungal Pathogen

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    There is accumulating evidence that invertebrates can acquire long-term protection against pathogens through immune priming. However, the range of pathogens eliciting immune priming and the specificity of the response remain unclear. Here, we tested if the exposure to a natural fungal pathogen elicited immune priming in ants. We found no evidence for immune priming in Formica selysi workers exposed to Beauveria bassiana. The initial exposure of ants to the fungus did not alter their resistance in a subsequent challenge with the same fungus. There was no sign of priming when using homologous and heterologous combinations of fungal strains for exposure and subsequent challenges at two time intervals. Hence, within the range of conditions tested, the immune response of this social insect to the fungal pathogen appears to lack memory and strain-specificity. These results show that immune priming is not ubiquitous across pathogens, hosts and conditions, possibly because of immune evasion by the pathogen or efficient social defences by the host

    Parametric survival analysis of the effect of fungal priming in ants.

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    <p>The ants were initially exposed to control buffer, low dose of <i>B. bassiana</i> strain S2 or low dose of <i>B. bassiana</i> strain S3 (factor: “priming") and subsequently challenged with high dose of either <i>B. bassiana</i> strain S2 or strain S3 (factor: “challenge"). The summary table of the model gives information on the effect of each combination of initial exposure (C = control, S2 = strain 2 or S3 = strain 3) and subsequent fungal challenge (S2 = strain 2 or S3 = strain 3). For example, the comparison “C-S2 vs S2-S2" examines whether the ants that were initially exposed to control buffer or to a low dose of strain S2 differed significantly in their survival when challenged with a high dose of strain S2.</p

    Test of immune priming in the ant <i>F. selysi</i> exposed to the fungal entomopathogen <i>B. bassiana</i>.

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    <p>Individual ants were challenged with a high dose of <i>B. bassiana</i> strain S2 (open symbols) or strain S3 (closed symbols) after having been initially exposed to control buffer (no priming, squares), low dose of the same strain of <i>B. bassiana</i> (homologous priming, circles), or low dose of the other strain (heterologous priming, triangles). In additional controls, the ants were exposed and “mock-challenged" with control buffer only (crosses and dashed lines). The ants were challenged either eight days (panel A, early fungal challenge) or 16 days (panel B, late fungal challenge) after the beginning of the six-day long period of primary exposure. Different letters indicate treatments that differed significantly from one another.</p
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