Tribocorrosion

This chapter includes some of the definitions of corrosion as important problem in many industries. The main forms of corrosion have been discussed in this chapter which depended on the appearance of corroded surface with some details of their mechanisms and how can prevent them. This chapter reviews tribocorrosion and explains the simplest method for tribocorrosion test by certain set-up using electrochemical test with three electrodes. Tribocorrosion test is needs to special arrangement of cell to be predicted which also has been mentioned in this chapter

Secure hybrid fiber optic and free optical space communication systems

This work investigates the integration of Electrical to Optical (E/O) and Optical to Electrical (E/O) communication systems. Two ways of transition, namely, Hybrid Fiber Optic (FO) and Free Optical Space (FSO) transmission system have been proposed. This work aims to evaluate the performance of these two transition ways. FO has the optimum transmission due to its lower attenuation which can be reached to 350 km. However, for further assurance of reaching data to the receiver side a second way of transition has been investigated. FSO path has been employed under different weather conditions of clear, moderate dust, heavy dust and heavy fog. Matlab and Optisystem7 software’s have been used to simulate Optical Secure Data Transition (SDT). The results show that an optimum transmission could be obtained using FO with RGB image encryption where the Mean Square Error (MSE) reach to 9.88 ×10^7 in read channel and it can reach to 4.93 ×10^9 using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)

Anodic Inhibitor Doped Polypyrrole Coating to Reduce Corrosion in Petroleum Medium

It is known that corrosion inhibitors and coatings are the best choices to use in oil refinery; therefore, we suggested using both inhibitors and coating to get more efficiency for corrosion control. Polypyrrole coating (PPy) without and with doping by anodic inhibitors were investigated to protect the tank from corrosion in light naphtha unit at Al-Dura refinery. Polypyrrole coating was deposited as nanofibers by electropolymerization using cyclic voltammetry method. Doped polypyrrole coating was applied by adding anodic inhibitor represented by chromate, phosphate and molybdate in acidic electrolyte. The coated layers were examined by SEM/EDS, FTIR and AFM. These examinations showed that coating layers were as nanofibers on carbon steel surface with average roughness in nanoscale as follow: 24.2 nm for PO4≡/PPy, 108 nm for PPy, 122 nm for B4O7=/PPy and 139 nm for MoO4=/PPy coating. Corrosion measurements were investigated by Potentiostat in oil medium at 60oC which represent the average temperature of light naphtha unit; the results showed that the highest protection efficiency was 78.34% in the presence of PO4≡/PPy coating and the others were 77.85% for PPy, 72.64% for B4O7=/PPy and 68.83% for MoO4=/PPy coating. The presence of inhibitor within the structure of polypyrrole coating leads to repairing the defects that may be produced by corrosion process and then the protection will take a long time to be destroyed. The protection by inhibitor doped PPy suggesting reduce the ionic conductivity of coating film especially in the presence of phosphate anions, where the porosity percents was 0.00025 for PO4≡/PPy compared with other coatings (0.04794 for PPy, 0.00043 for B4O7=/PPy, and 0.13083 for MoO4=/PPy)

Durability, Mechanical, and Corrosion Characteristics of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Utilizing Locally Sourced Waste and Ultrafine Cerium Oxide

This study seeks to identify an environmentally sustainable method for utilizing the synergetic effects of window glass (WG), ceramic powder (CP), and ultrafine cerium oxide (UFC) in developing concrete containing 25% coarse ceramic aggregate. Four different mixtures were formulated. The first represents control, consisting of 100% ordinary Portland cement (OPC), two other mixtures were composed of 10% WG, 10% CP and 80% OPC, and the fourth mixture consisted of four compositions of 79.5% OPC, 10% WG, 10% CP, and 0.5% UFC. The effect of these additives on recycled ceramic concrete (RA) properties, including workability and setting time, compressive strength, total water absorption, permeable pore ratio, electrical resistivity, and corrosion resistance, was studied. The results showed that when 10% WG and 0.5% UFC were combined, the components' synergistic effect was more noticeable. It had a compressive strength of 44.53, 48.83, and 56.17MPa after 28, 90, and 180 days, which is higher than the ternary mixtures of Portland cement, ultrafine cerium oxide, and ceramic powder, as well as the quaternary mixtures of Portland cement, WG powder, CP, and UFC. Moreover, it recorded a lower corrosion rate than the reference mix (RA-C), ternary mix (RA-CP10UFC0.5), and quaternary mixes (RA-CP10WG10UFC0.5) mixes. Meanwhile, the quaternary mix (RA-CP10WG10UFC0.5) showed 40% and 45% lower porosity and water absorption than the control mixture and 54% higher electrical resistivity values compared to the control mixture and ternary mixtures (RA-WG10UFC0.5 and RA-CP10UFC0.5) at 180 days

Alumina Nanoparticle/Polypyrrole Coating for Carbon Steel Protection in Simulated Soil Solution

External corrosion by soil’s components is a serious problem in many steel structures such as pipelines and tanks, thus many methods are applied to reduce this risk. Nanotechnology almost gives improving for conventional protection methods. Investigation on nano Al2O3 doped polypyrrole coating has been done on carbon steel structures to protect them in two simulated soil environments include (0.01M NaCl + 0.01M NaHCO3) and (0.01M NaCl + 0.01M Na2SO4). Electropolymerization of pyrrole monomer carried out in oxalic acid with suspended nano alumina using cyclic voltammogram method. Characterization of produced film was done by SEM/EDS and the results indicated the uniformly distribution of coating in the presence of nano alumina confirming the presence of Al2O3 NPs by EDS analysis. Also FTIR spectra showed the occurred incorporation between polypyrole and nanoalumina in deposited film on steel surface. The presence of nano alumina behaves as repaired to healing the defects in polymer film by chemical, mechanical and electrochemical factors and then gives long life time for service; this result was concluded through the improving in protection efficiency of Al2O3 NPs/PPy film compared with conventional red paint which is uses to protect carbon steel structures

Mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and microstructural analysis of recycled aggregate concrete made with ceramic wall waste and ultrafine ceria

This study examines how incorporating ultrafine cerium dioxide particles (UFCe) into recycled coarse aggregate concrete affects its physical, mechanical, and long-term properties. No analogous research exists about the impact of ultrafine cerium dioxide particles on various characteristics of concrete containing recycled aggregates (RCA). UFCe was employed, and its mean particle size was 350 nm in different doses (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 % by cement weight) to explore its effect on the properties of concrete containing 25 % coarse aggregates (RCA) prepared from ceramic wall waste. The setting time, slump flow, porosity, water absorption, compressive and tensile strengths, electrical resistance, chloride penetration resistance, corrosion resistance, and microstructure analysis were investigated. The findings indicated that UFCe significantly enhanced the compressive and tensile strength while decreasing water absorption and pore ratio comparison to the control mixture after 90 days of curing. Moreover, all mixtures displayed significantly lower chloride penetration depth and corrosion rate than the reference mixture. The inclusion of UFCe additionally improved the microstructure due to the enhancement of the ultrafine particle hydration process. On the other hand, the optimum improvement of mechanical strength, durability properties, and microstructure was recorded at a UFCe replacement rate of 0.5 %. For example, the compressive and tensile strengths increased by 33 % and 9 %, respectively, while the total water absorption and migration coefficient were reduced by 42 % and 67 % at 90 days, respectively, compared with the reference sample

Principles of data management and sharing at European Research Infrastructures

Under the umbrella of the BioMedBridges project, fourteen research infrastructures in the biological, biomedical and environmental sciences developed commonly agreed principles of data management and sharing. The document makes key recommendations on how data management and sharing via the research infrastructures can be supported and encouraged: The RIs encourage data sharing and reuse and support the notion that public funders should encourage Open Access to data from publicly funded research where possible. Some data may only be shared under certain conditions and with appropriate safekeeping mechanisms in place, such as personally identifiable data, data subject to ethical or legal restrictions, or restrictions for intellectual property protection. To encourage data sharing, systematic reward and recognition mechanisms are necessary. Proposals for publicly funded research at RIs should include a data management plan concerning the deposition of data in long-term archives that addresses specific resources and activities (including standardisation of data production and curation/annotation). Funding for tools and activities connected to data deposition must be available. Systems, services and resources must be in place to facilitate straightforward data deposition by researchers, including support concerning the necessary data use agreements and consent forms for data with data protection or intellectual property requirements. Systems are also needed to capture and track data provenance and use. To ensure necessary trust by data providers or depositors, RIs must guarantee high standards of security and traceability

Study the Corrosion Inhibition on the Iraqi Fuel Tanks using Cefoperazone Drug

Corrosion is one of the most important problems that face the petroleum industry, both production and refining, and cause damage to petroleum equipment, tanks, and transmission lines, and increasing maintenance costs. in this study ,  was  adding six concentrations of the drug expired Cefoperzone (Exp CEF) (50, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ppm) to a Simulated Oil Well Water (SOWW), the inhibitive role of (Exp CEF)  drug was investigated to Reduce the corrosion risk of carbon steel. Four different temperatures were used to conduct electrochemical tests (303, 313, 323 and 333 K) to achieve the study. The study was then supported by an examination of the inhibited surface using field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive (FESEM) and (AFM). The results indicated occurring the inhibition by an anodic inhibitor that controls the dissolution of iron from steel gave the highest inhibition efficiency (IE%) by adding 500 ppm, while the calculation of polarization resistance (Rp) gave the highest resistance by 400 ppm through adsorption the added drug to show flakes shaped structures with decreasing surface roughness (Ra ) from 307.1 to 83.15  after inhibition. The calculation of adsorption isotherm confirmed the obeying of Langmuir adsorption isotherm by giving the coefficient of linear regression was about one in the range of 0.999 > R^2 > 0.995, with the spontaneous adsorption that estimated from the negative values of 〖∆H〗_ads^o and variation in the type of adsorption to be physically or chemically according to the added concentration because of the differential sign of 〖∆H〗_ads^o . The sign of 〖∆H〗_ads^o was positive that reflecting the increase in randomness at the metal/solution interface.