Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Avaliação de genótipos de banana à sigatoca-amarela na amazônia ocidental Evaluation of the bananas genotypes to yellow sigatoka in ocidental amazon

A resistência de genótipos de banana em relação à Mycosphaerella musicola foi avaliada em condições naturais de infecção. Foram avaliadas 24 plantas de cada genótipo. As cultivares 'Pacovan' e 'Prata-anã' atuaram como fonte de inóculo do patógeno. A avaliação da doença foi realizada com uso de uma escala de notas variando de 1 (plantas sem sintomas) até 8 (folhas velhas e novas com sintomas), obtendo-se o índice de doença pela média ponderada das notas. As cultivares 'Mysore' e 'Nam' e o híbrido 'PA 12-03' foram classificados como suscetíveis ao patógeno. Os demais genótipos 'Yangambi km5', 'Thap Maeo', 'Pelipita', 'Pioneira', 'JV 03-15' e 'PV 03-44' foram classificados como resistentes ao patógeno.<br>The reactions of hybrids and cultivars of banana were evaluated in response to Mycosphaerella musicola in field conditions. A total of twenty-four plants of each genotype were evaluated using 'Pacovan' and 'Prata-anã' cultivars as the source pathogen. The disease response was ranged from 1 to 8, where 1 represented a weak attack with few or no symptoms and 8 when lesions were observed both in young and old leaves. Disease index (DI) was calculated for each genotype by multiplying the number of plant with the same scoring by the score and dividing the total by 24 (total mumber of one genotypes). The highest DIs were verified for susceptible genotypes, 'Nam', 'Mysore' and hybrid 'PA 12-03'. 'Yangambi km5', 'Thap Maeo', 'Pelipita', 'Pioneira', 'JV 03-15' and 'PV 03-44' were classified as resistant in our test

Fitonematoides associados a bananais 'Pacovan' sob condição de cultivo irrigado: relação com a produção Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with banana 'Pacovan' in irrigated condition: connections with production

Dentre os fatores que afetam a produtividade da bananeira, destacam-se as pragas, doenças e tratos culturais fitossanitários inadequados. Nesse contexto, os fitonematóides possuem grande importância devido à diminuição da eficiência na absorção de água e nutrientes pelas raízes, causando também o tombamento das plantas à medida que os cachos se aproximam da colheita. Cerca de 146 espécies de nematóides já foram relatadas associados à rizosfera da bananeira. Contudo, apenas Radopholus similis, diversas espécies dos gêneros Meloidogyne, Helicotylenchus, Pratylenchus e Rotylenchulus causam perdas significativas em bananais. Em bananais situados em perímetros irrigados nos municípios de Petrolina-PE e Juazeiro-BA, do Distrito de Irrigação Senador Nilo Coelho foram aplicados questionários para se obterem informações do histórico da área, incluindo nutrição das plantas, fertilidade, tratos culturais, ocorrência de pragas e pós-colheita. Observou-se que 90% da área era locada com pequenos produtores. Os maiores problemas levantados foram: manejo inadequado, colheita e pós-colheita, nematóides e ventos fortes. Na presente pesquisa, realizou-se um levantamento de fitonematóides. Objetivou-se identificar os gêneros dos fitonematóides presentes, e estudar a relação entre a produção de bananeiras dos diversos núcleos selecionados com as populações de fitonematóides presentes no solo e nas raízes. Em cada área selecionada, foram marcadas 20 bananeiras e amostrados solo e raízes, sendo uma amostra composta constituída de quatro subamostras de cada planta para representar a população de fitonematóides. Os gêneros de nematóides mais abundantes foram Helicotylenchus, Meloidogyne e Rotylenchulus. A produção de banana não esteve relacionada ao número de propriedades dentro de cada núcleo, nem à densidade dos fitonematóides (Helicotylenchus sp., Meloidogyne sp., Rotylenchulus sp., Pratylenchus sp. e Radopholus similis). Pôde-se inferir que o manejo adotado em cada núcleo de produção de banana irrigada influenciou na produção (peso de cachos) sob diferentes populações de fitonematóides.<br>Among the factors that affect the productivity of banana, stand out pests, diseases and inadequate cultural practices. In this context, plant parasitic nematodes have great importance for reducing the efficiency of water and soil nutrients absorption by the roots, causing the plants to fall down near harvest. About 146 nematode species have already been reported associated to banana roots. Nevertheless, only Radopholus similis, several species of the genus Meloidogyne, Helicotylenchus, Pratylenchus and Rotylenchulus cause significant losses in banana plantations. In plantations located in irrigated areas in the municipal districts of Petrolina/PE and Juazeiro/BA, questionnaires were applied to obtain information about the history of the area, including plant nutrition, fertility, cultural practices, incidence of pests and post-harvesting practices. It was observed that 90% of the area belonged to small farmers. The major problems pointed out were: inadequate management, including harvesting and post-harvesting practices, presence of nematodes and strong winds. In this research a survey of the occurrence of plant parasitic nematodes was carried out. Thus, this research aimed to identify the genera of the plant parasitic nematodes found, and to study the relationship between the banana production in the several selected areas with the population of plant parasitic nematodes in the soil and in the banana root system. In each selected area, 20 banana plants were marked and samples of soil and roots were taken. Each sample was composed of four samples of each plant to represent the population of nematodes. The genera of the most abundant nematodes were Helicotylenchus, Meloidogyne and Rotylenchulus. Nevertheless, the production was neither related to the number of farms in each location, nor with the plant parasitic nematode density (Helicotylenchus sp., Meloidogyne sp., Rotylenchulus sp., Pratylenchus sp. and Radopholus similis) associated with the soil or banana roots. It could be inferred that the cultural practices adopted in each location of irrigated banana production had a positive influence on the banana production (weight of bunches) under different plant parasitic nematode populations

Conservação in vitro de germoplasma de abacaxi tratado com paclobutrazol In vitro conservation of pineapple germplasm treated with paclobutrazol

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do paclobutrazol (PBZ) no crescimento in vitro de plantas de abacaxi visando à conservação do germoplasma. Utilizou-se o meio MS suplementado com 30 g L-1 de sacarose e 8 g L-1 de ágar. Cada tratamento consistiu de duas doses de PBZ: a primeira aplicada no início do experimento e a segunda, noventa dias após, em combinações que envolviam a ausência, 0,5 e 1,0 mg L-1. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos na ausência do PBZ, ou com 0,5 mg L-1 aplicada apenas no início do experimento. Foi possível reduzir o número de subcultivos durante o período de conservação.<br>The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of paclobutrazol (PBZ) on in vitro growth and conservation of pineapple germplasm. Plants of the PE x SC-60 pineapple hybrid were cultivated on MS medium supplemented with 30 g L-1 of sucrose and 8 g L-1 of agar. Treatments consisted of two concentrations of PBZ, the first one applied at the beginning of the trial and the other ninety days after. The best result was obtained without PBZ or with 0.5 mg L-1 at the beginning of the trial. It was possible to reduce the number of subcultures during conservation