Small subunit ribosomal metabarcoding reveals extraordinary trypanosomatid diversity in Brazilian bats

Background: Bats are a highly successful, globally dispersed order of mammals that occupy a wide array of ecological niches. They are also intensely parasitized and implicated in multiple viral, bacterial and parasitic zoonoses. Trypanosomes are thought to be especially abundant and diverse in bats. In this study, we used 18S ribosomal RNA metabarcoding to probe bat trypanosome diversity in unprecedented detail. Methodology/Principal Findings: Total DNA was extracted from the blood of 90 bat individuals (17 species) captured along Atlantic Forest fragments of Espírito Santo state, southeast Brazil. 18S ribosomal RNA was amplified by standard and/or nested PCR, then deep sequenced to recover and identify Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) for phylogenetic analysis. Blood samples from 34 bat individuals (13 species) tested positive for infection by 18S rRNA amplification. Amplicon sequences clustered to 14 OTUs, of which five were identified as Trypanosoma cruzi I, T. cruzi III/V, Trypanosoma cruzi marinkellei, Trypanosoma rangeli, and Trypanosoma dionisii, and seven were identified as novel genotypes monophyletic to basal T. cruzi clade types of the New World. Another OTU was identified as a trypanosome like those found in reptiles. Surprisingly, the remaining OTU was identified as Bodo saltans–closest non-parasitic relative of the trypanosomatid order. While three blood samples featured just one OTU (T. dionisii), all others resolved as mixed infections of up to eight OTUs. Conclusions/Significance: This study demonstrates the utility of next-generation barcoding methods to screen parasite diversity in mammalian reservoir hosts. We exposed high rates of local bat parasitism by multiple trypanosome species, some known to cause fatal human disease, others non-pathogenic, novel or yet little understood. Our results highlight bats as a long-standing nexus among host-parasite interactions of multiple niches, sustained in part by opportunistic and incidental infections of consequence to evolutionary theory as much as to public health. Author summary: Bats make up a mega-diverse, intensely parasitized order of volant mammals whose unique behavioural and physiological adaptations promote infection by a vast array of microorganisms. Trypanosomes stand out as ancient protozoan parasites of bats. As cryptic morphology, low parasitaemia and selective growth in culture have recurrently biased survey, we used 18S ribosomal RNA metabarcoding to resolve bat trypanosomatid diversity in Atlantic Forest fragments of southeast Brazil. Next to several unknown species, our deep sequence-based detection and assignment protocol recognized multiple known human-pathogenic trypanosomes, another linked to reptile hosts as well as a non-parasitic kinetoplastid in the blood of various phyllostomid bats. The striking permissivity exposed here, in a region where bat trypanosomes recently featured in a fatal case of Chagas disease, compels further research on bats’ role in the dispersal and spill-over of various microorganisms among humans and wildlife

Analysing students' attitudes towards the learning of specialized software

In this article the situation of teaching in engineering courses using specialized software support is evaluated and analysed.The statistics courses in engineering often come off as element of formal exposure to statistical analysis and research methods. The software support during classes intends to facilitate and reinforce learning with computational resolution of statistical specific problems. We report a research that investigates students' attitudes towards computers and their effect on statistics unit performance. The preliminary results of research using a small sample of 47 students enrolled in the experimental statistics unit of the 1st year of the master's degree in industrial engineering from the University of Minho indicate that software perceived usefulness has a positive effect on student success, although perceived ease of use and perceived self-performance do not influence.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT

Evaluation of the Simulated Annealing and the Discrete Artificial Bee Colony in the Weight Tardiness Problem with Taguchi Experiments Parameterization

Meta-Heuristics (MH) are the most used optimization techniques to approach Complex Combinatorial Problems (COPs). Their ability to move beyond the local optimums make them an especially attractive choice to solve complex computational problems, such as most scheduling problems. However, the knowledge of what Meta-Heuristics perform better in certain problems is based on experiments. Classic MH, as the Simulated Annealing (SA) has been deeply studied, but newer MH, as the Discrete Artificial Bee Colony (DABC) still need to be examined in more detail. In this paper DABC has been compared with SA in 30 academic benchmark instances of the weighted tardiness problem (1 parallel to Sigma w(j)T(j)). Both MH parameters were fine-tuned with Taguchi Experiments. In the computational study DABC performed better and the subsequent statistical study demonstrated that DABC is more prone to find near-optimum solutions. On the other hand SA appeared to be more efficient.This work is supported by FEDER Funds through the "Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade - COMPETE" program and by National Funds through FCT "Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia" under the project: PEst-OE/EEI/UI0760/2014, and PEst2015-2020.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Mathematics achievement in engineering : an exploratory study with MIEGI students

Mathematics is a discipline that appears on the syllabus of many courses, including courses in engineering, where it is an essential discipline to the formation of all future engineers, whatever their field of study and work. Despite that, engineering students tend to reveal difficulties with courses based on mathematics. The factors that influence learning mathematics have been the subject of study for several researchers around the world. Researchers attempt to identify variables that explain mathematics achievement, but fail to address university students. In this paper, we present the results of an exploratory study based on industrial engineering students of University of Minho, concerning their grades in the courses of statistics and numerical methods. The preliminary results show that gender is an unexpected and significant factor.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT

Engineering students and mathematics achievement: a portuguese case study

Mathematics is a discipline that appears on the syllabus of many courses, including courses in engineering, where it is essential to the formation of all future engineers, whatever their field of study and work. Despite that, engineering students tend to reveal difficulties with course units based on mathematics. The factors that influence learning mathematics have been the subject of study for several researchers around the world. Researchers attempt to identify variables that explain mathematics achievement, but fail to address university students. In this paper, an exploratory study based on engineering students of University of Minho, concerning their grades in statistics and numerical methods curricular units is presented. The aim of this study is to explore the mathematics achievement in the process of learning mathematical concepts. The preliminary results show that gender is an unexpected and significant factor.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT

Application of genome-scale metabolic models to the optimization of recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli has been the organism of choice for the production of many recombinant proteins with high therapeutic value. However, while the research on molecular biology has allowed the development of very strong promoters, there are still some phenomena associated with this process that hamper the full use of those technologies: aerobic acetate production associated with high specific growth rates, and the so-called stringent response that usually occurs when very high levels of heterologous protein production takes place. In both cases, productivity is affected due to a decrease in the specific growth and production rates. In this work, a systems biology approach for modelling recombinant protein production processes was used aiming its optimization. The existing genome-scale metabolic model of Escherichia coli was modified by including an equation for protein production (the model protein GFP – Green Florescent Protein), based on its amino acids content. For the validation of the genome-scale model in high-cell density processes, highly reproducible fed-batch fermentations are run with constant specific growth rate. The developed data acquisition and control system allows to control the substrate addition rate, and to acquire on-line the fermenter’s weight, to calculate oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer rates, as well as to obtain glucose and acetate concentrations using a developed Flow Injection Analysis system

Processamento de imagem digital com MatLab : uma aplicação em ambiente industrial

Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT

Engineering students and the application of mathematical knowledge : how to explain the difficulties experienced?

The article presents the results of two focus groups and a questionnaire implemented with engineering students from the University of Minho, in order to assess opinions and perspectives concerning the main learning difficulties in mathematics-based disciplines. The results obtained show that students generally see the relevance of mathematics to engineering courses. Mathematics is considered as an essential discipline in course selection and a vital part of their career as engineers. The importance of the instructor is recognized when learning mathematical concepts. Students would like their courses to address mathematical concepts that are more in line with their future professions. The 73 undergraduate students who completed the questionnaire manifested a high self-efficacy and a high perception that the learning of mathematical concepts and the development of mathematical skills are essential for progression in their future career.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT

Molecular determinants of the SARS-CoV-2 fusion peptide activity

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, emerged in late 2019 and quickly spread worldwide, resulting in over 125 million infections and 2.7 million deaths as of March 2021 accordingly to the World Health Organization. Despite the great advances achieved by the scientific community in providing crucial information about this virus, we are still far from completely understanding it. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped virus, meaning that it is encapsulated by a lipid membrane, which needs to be fused to the host membrane to begin the infection process. Fusion between viral and host membrane is catalyzed by the spike (S) glycoprotein. The S-protein is composed of essential elements for the infection mechanism, namely the receptor-binding domain known to bind to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 during the viral entry pathway. Another important region, known as the fusion peptide (FP), plays an essential part in the fusion mechanism, by inserting into and disturbing the host membrane. There is still not a consensus among scientists in terms of the fusion peptide location on the S-protein sequence, with two major candidate regions having been proposed. We recently used a machine learning-based tool developed by us to identify viral FPs with accuracies over 85%. With this tool a putative FP, previously suggested in the literature, has been identified, as well as other proposals including the requirement of more than one FP. To further address this question, we are performing a systematic analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 putative FPs, using Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations, which provide a detailed perspective of how these peptides insert and interact with the membrane. In parallel, we are characterizing these systems experimentally. Additionally we are exploring therapeutic strategies targeting these regions. Given the major role of the FP in the virus infection process, this work provides relevant insights and contributes to the fight against COVID-19.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio