Assessment of fatigue in multiple sclerosis: methodological quality of adapted original versions available in Brazil of self-report instruments

La evaluación de fatiga en la esclerosis múltiple es una tarea difícil y sus instrumentos no disponen de uniformidad cuanto a los parámetros de evaluación metodológica para garantir la validad y confiabilidad de sus inferencias. El objetivo de eso estudio fue analizar la cualidad metodológica del desarrollo, de la adaptación transcultural para el idioma portugués (Brasil) y de las propiedades psicométricas de los instrumentos de autoinforme que evalúan la fatiga en la esclerosis múltiple y están disponibles en Brasil. Se realizó una búsqueda electrónica en las bases de datos LILACS, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, SciELO e SPORTDiscus, con un análisis de los instrumentos seleccionados por el consenso de parámetros para seleccionar instrumentos en el área de la salud. Fueron inclusos diez artículos y presentados la Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), la Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS), la escala de fatiga cognitiva y física en la esclerosis múltiple (CPF-MS), la escala de incapacidad neurológica de Guy (GNDS), la Functional Assessment of Multiple Sclerosis (FAMS) y sus respectivas versiones ajustadas en Brasil. La mayoría de los instrumentos es multidimensional, específica, con documentada adaptación transcultural y predominio de la evaluación del dominio físico de la fatiga y evidencia de la confiabilidad adecuada. Hubo dificultad en identificarse un instrumento de autoinforme, que haga una evaluación adecuada de la fatiga en la esclerosis múltiple y sea ejemplo de los estándares metodológicos y psicométricos en su concepción y administración.A avaliação da fadiga na esclerose múltipla é uma tarefa difícil e seus instrumentos não dispõem de uniformidade quanto aos parâmetros de avaliação metodológica para assegurar validade e confiabilidade de suas inferências. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a qualidade metodológica do desenvolvimento, da adaptação transcultural para a língua portuguesa (Brasil) e das propriedades psicométricas dos instrumentos de autorrelato que avaliam a fadiga na esclerose múltipla e estão disponíveis no Brasil. Foi realizada uma busca eletrônica nas bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, SciELO e SPORTDiscus, com análise dos instrumentos selecionados pelo consenso de parâmetros para selecionar instrumentos na área da saúde. Foram incluídos dez artigos e apresentados os instrumentos Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS), escala de fadiga cognitiva e física na esclerose múltipla (CPF-MS), escala de incapacidade neurológica de Guy (GNDS), Functional Assessment of Multiple Sclerosis (FAMS) e suas respectivas versões adaptadas no Brasil. A maioria dos instrumentos é multidimensional, específica, com documentada adaptação transcultural e predomínio de avaliação do domínio físico da fadiga e evidência de confiabilidade adequada. Houve dificuldade em se identificar um instrumento de autorrelato, que avalie adequadamente a fadiga na esclerose múltipla e seja exemplo de padrões metodológicos e psicométricos em sua concepção e administração.Assessment of fatigue in multiple sclerosis is a difficult task and its instruments have no uniformity regarding the methodological evaluation parameters to ensure validity and reliability of its inferences. The objective of this study was to analyze the methodological quality of development, cross-cultural adaptation to Portuguese language (Brazil), and psychometric properties of self-report instruments that assess fatigue in multiple sclerosis and are available in Brazil. A search was conducted in the electronic databases LILACS, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, SciELO and SPORTDiscus with analysis of the selected instruments by consensus-based standards for the selection of health measurement instruments. It was included 10 articles and presented the instruments Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS), Cognitive and Physical Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis Scale (CPF-MS), Guy's Neurological Disability Scale (GNDS), Functional Assessment of Multiple Sclerosis (FAMS), and their adapted versions in Brazil. Most instruments present a multidimensional structure with documented cross-cultural adaptation in Brazil and emphasize the physical domain and adequate reliability. There is difficulty in identifying a self-report instrument to adequately assess fatigue in multiple sclerosis and that is an example of methodological and psychometric standards in their design and management

Influence of Insulin Resistance and TNF- α

The aim of this study was to evaluate the involvement of TNF-α and insulin resistance (IR) in the inflammatory process, oxidative stress, and disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This cross-sectional study included 270 subjects (control group, n=97) and RA patients (n=173). RA patients were divided into four groups: the first group without IR and not using antitumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-) (G1, IR− TNF−); the second group without IR and using anti-TNF-α (G2, IR- TNF+); the third group with IR and not using anti-TNF-α (G3, IR+ TNF-); and the fourth group with IR and using anti-TNF-α (G4, IR+ TNF+). G3 and G4 had higher (p<0.05) advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) and oxidative stress index (OSI) compared to G1. G4 group presented higher (p<0.05) AOPPs and OSI than G2. TRAP was significantly lower in G3 compared to G1. Plasma TNF-α levels were significantly higher in G4 and G2 compared to G1 (p<0.0001) and G3 (p<0.0001 and p<0.01, resp.). The presence of insulin resistance was robustly associated with both oxidative stress and TNF-α levels. More studies are warranted to verify if IR can be involved in therapeutic failure with TNF-α inhibitors. This trial is registered with Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry Register number RBR-2jvj92

Genetic polymorphisms associated with lipid metabolism involved in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke

The stroke is a complex, multifactorial, and polygenic disorder that results from the interaction between the individual genetic components and environmental factors. Previous studies have established hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, elevated body mass index, disturbances of coagulation and increasing age as predictors of stroke risk factors. The stroke is a more crippling than deadly disease that requires long-term institutionalization, as it decreases the quality of life of patients, resulting in higher costs to social and economic levels. It thus becomes increasingly important to emphasize the Preventive Medicine strategies. Dyslipidemia has been associated with pathophysiology of ischemic stroke and genetic polymorphisms that occur in the metabolic pathway, such as lipids metabolism, has been one of the hereditary factors related to ischemic stroke. The identification of the genetic component in the cause of dyslipidemia has been intensively investigated in recent years. Among the several genetic polymorphisms, the gene of the low-density lipoprotein receptor has been the object of many studies in the population worldwide. Data on lipid profile and study of polymorphisms of genes encoding structural proteins and enzymes related to lipid metabolism may reveal the prevalence of dyslipidemia in a population, enabling a targeted intervention for the control and prevention of atherosclerotic diseases such as ischemic stroke

Frequency of the changes in the serum immunoglobulins levels of the patients attended at the University Hospital, Londrina, Paraná <br> Freqüência das alterações dos níveis séricos de imunoglobulinas dos pacientes atendidos no Hospital Universitário, Londrina, Paraná

The immunoglobins constitute a group of glycoproteins detected in the serum and body fluids and are produced by the B-activated lymphocytes that are differentiated in the plasma cells. They are divided into five distinct classes or isotypes: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of changes in the serum levels of immunoglobins in patients attended at the University Hospital (HU), in Londrina, Paraná, assayed during the period from August 2001 to February 2006, by the nephelometry method. The immunoglobin levels were evaluated in 773 serum samples: 410 samples (53.0%) were from female patients and 363 (47.0%) from male patients, with ages ranging from one month to 86 years old. Among the 1719 serum evaluations, the IgA was evaluated in 568 serum samples and changes were observed in 88 (15.5%) of them. Among 495 IgG evaluations, 107 (21.6%) showed changes in the serum levels. The IgM was evaluated in 465 serum samples and 142 (30.5%) showed increased levels. The IgE was evaluated in 191 samples and 129 (67.5%) presented increased serum levels. The results obtained confirm the occurrence of different changes in the serum immunoglobin levels and the importance of this laboratory evaluation for the diagnosis of the infectious, allergic, and autoimmune diseases, and the congenital or acquired humoral immunodeficiencies. <p><p>As imunoglobulinas constituem um grupo de glicoproteínas presentes no soro e nos líquidos orgânico se são produzidas pelos linfócitos B ativados que se diferenciam em plasmócitos. São divididas em cinco classes ou isotipos: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD e IgE. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a freqüência das alterações dos níveis séricos das imunoglobulinas nos pacientes atendidos pelo Hospital Universitário (HU), Londrina, PR, no período de agosto de 2001 a fevereiro de 2006, avaliados pelo método de nefelometria. Foram analisadas 773 amostras de soro de pacientes, 410 (53,0%) do sexo feminino e 363 (47,0%) do sexo masculino, com idade variando de um mês a 86 anos. Das 1719 dosagens de imunoglobulinas séricas realizadas, os níveis de IgA sérica foram avaliados em 568 amostras e foram observadas alterações em 88 (15,5%) das amostras. Das 495 dosagens de IgG, 107 (21,6%) estavam com os níveis séricos alterados. A dosagem de IgM sérica foi realizada em 465 amostras e 142 (30,5%) estavam com os níveis séricos alterados. Os níveis de IgE sérica foram avaliados em 191 amostras e 129 (67,5%) amostras apresentaram níveis aumentados. Os dados obtidos confirmam a ocorrência de diferentes alterações nos níveis séricos das imunoglobulinas e a importância destas dosagens laboratoriais no diagnóstico de doenças infecciosas, parasitárias, alérgicas, auto-imunes e das imunodeficiências humorais congênitas ou adquiridas. <!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--

Evaluation of genetic polymorphism pvuii of low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory disease of connective tissue related to changes in lipid profile and lipoprotein metabolism. Studies show that the genetic polymorphism of PvuII low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) is associated with different concentrations of low density lipoprotein (LDL) in general population. The present study evaluated the genetic polymorphism of PvuII LDLR and lipid profile in patients with SLE in southern Brazilian population. We included 72 patients with SLE and 154 blood donors. In assessing the lipid profile, SLE patients had elevated serum triglycerides (TG) levels compared with the control group (p 0.05). Patients with SLE and P1P1 genotype tended to have higher levels of TG compared with patients with SLE and P1P2 + P2P2 genotype (p = 0.0687). We conclude that genetic polymorphism may contribute to increased cardiovascular risk, however, the complexity of genetic components and disease evaluated should be taken into consideration. Further investigations are needed for other genes that may be involved in altering the lipid profile in this population