Phytic Acid Decreases Oxidative Stress and Intestinal Lesions Induced by Fumonisin B1 and Deoxynivalenol in Intestinal Explants of Pigs

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of phytic acid (IP6) on morphological and immunohistochemical parameters and oxidative stress response in intestinal explants of pigs exposed to fumonisin B1 (FB1) and/or deoxynivalenol (DON). The jejunal explants were exposed to the following treatments: vehicle, IP6 5 mM, DON 10 µM, FB1 70 µM, DON 10 µM + FB1 70 µM, DON 10 µM + IP6 5 mM, FB1 70 µM + IP6 5 mM, and DON 10 µM + FB1 70 µM + IP6 5 mM. The decrease in villus height and goblet cell density was more evident in DON and DON + FB1 treatments. In addition, a significant increase in cell apoptosis and cell proliferation and a decrease in E-cadherin expression were observed in the same groups. DON and FB1 exposure increased cyclooxygenase-2 expression and decreased the cellular antioxidant capacity. An increase in lipid peroxidation was observed in DON- and FB1-treated groups. IP6 showed beneficial effects, such as a reduction in intestinal morphological changes, cell apoptosis, cell proliferation, and cyclooxygenase-2 expression, and an increase in E-cadherin expression when compared with DON, FB1 alone, or DON and FB1 in association. IP6 inhibited oxidative stress and increased the antioxidant capacity in the explants exposed to mycotoxins

Nonlinear Variability in the Geomagnetic Secular Variation of the Last 150 Years

A nonlinear forecasting analysis has been applied to the secular variation of the three-component annual means of 14 observatories, unevenly distributed over the Earth's surface (12 in the northern and 2 in the southern hemisphere) and spanning the last 150 years. All results were in agreement, either in terms of possible evidence of chaos (as opposed to the hypothesis of white or colored noise), or in terms of the Kolmogorov entropy, confirming previous results obtained with only three European observatories, i.e. it is practically impossible to predict the secular variation of the geomagnetic field more than six years into the future

Macroscopic and microscopic findings associated with inflammatory processes.

<p>A: <i>Globicephala melas</i>: Pulmonary edema. B: <i>Sotalia guianensis</i>: Chronic bronchointerstitial pneumonia associated with morbillivirus infection and <i>Halocercus brasiliensis</i> (not in the figure) (HE, 4x) and positive immunostaining for CDV (insert, 40x). C: Granulomatous lymphadenitis with giant cells (arrow) (HE, 20x). D: Membranous glomerulonephritis (arrows) (HE, 20x).</p

Paranaguá estuarine complex and adjacent coastal area from Pontal do Sul to Matinhos, Paraná, Brazil.

<p>Areas with stranded animals are designated by black dots, while harbor zones are within red lines.</p

Macroscopic and microscopic findings of <i>Sotalia guianensis</i> that died of natural causes.

<p>A: <i>Halocercus brasiliensis</i> in bronchi and bronchiole lumens, with pneumonia the cause of death (COD). B: Chronic bronchointerstitial pneumonia caused by adults <i>H</i>. <i>brasiliensis</i> (arrows) (HE, 10x). C: Lung angiomatosis (Masson’s trichrome, 20x). D: Emaciation COD, muscular atrophy of dorsal cephalic musculature, multifocal ulcerated areas on skin (arrows).</p

Macroscopic findings supporting evidence of interactions between <i>Sotalia guianensis</i> and anthropogenic activities.

<p>A and B: Impression from gillnet entanglement at the head, behind the eyes, fin and encircling the thoracic and abdominal regions. C: Fluke amputation and haemorrhage. D: A hook deeply embedded in the mouth, and line encircling the body to the abdomen producing multifocal hematoma, haemorrhage and trauma with evisceration and intestine perforation (insert).</p

Diagram of small cetacean mortalities, with the numbers of carcasses recovered, diagnosed, and the collected samples and lesions according to different causes of death.

<p>Diagram of small cetacean mortalities, with the numbers of carcasses recovered, diagnosed, and the collected samples and lesions according to different causes of death.</p