16 research outputs found
The role of biopsy in congenital kidney disease - oligomeganephronia and nephronophthisis
Anomalije mokraÄnog sustava su najuÄestalije kongenitalne anomalije. Nalaze se kao izolirane promjene ili s anomalijama drugih organskih sustava. Promjenama su najpodložniji bubrezi, a kongenitalne bubrežne anomalije Äine 60 % uzroka kroniÄne bubrežne bolesti. Napredovanje oÅ”teÄenja smanjuje bubrežnu funkciju i naposljetku dovodi do kroniÄnog bubrežnog zatajenja. Otkrivanje oligomeganefronije i nefronoftize u ranom stadiju bolesti, te zapoÄinjanje terapije, usporava napredak oÅ”teÄenja, otklanja nastanak komplikacija i odgaÄa nastup kroniÄnog bubrežnog zatajenja. DonoÅ”enje zakljuÄka o tipu promjene na temelju kliniÄke slike, laboratorijskih nalaza i slikovnih pretraga ne predstavlja dovoljno pouzdan izbor. Kao dijagnostiÄko sredstvo u procjeni naravi bolesti, stupnja i raÅ”irenosti patoloÅ”ke promjene, primjenjuje se biopsija. UltrazvuÄno voÄena perkutana biopsija je metoda koja se najÄeÅ”Äe koristi. Primjena ultrazvuka omoguÄuje dobar prikaz intrarenalnih struktura i prikupljanje uzorka tkiva na kojemu su promjene najizraženije. Jasan prikaz krvnih žila i kanalnog sustava otklanja moguÄnost njihova oÅ”teÄenja. Preoperativnom pripremom bolesnika, pravilnim izvoÄenje tehnike i odgovarajuÄom postoperativnom skrbi smanjuje se rizik nastanka komplikacija. U sluÄaju postojanja kontraindikacija za izvoÄenje perkutane biopsije, zahvat se izvodi laparoskopski. Izravan vizualan nadzor uvoÄenja sonde u trbuÅ”nu Å”upljinu, prikaz anatomskih struktura i prikupljanje uzorka pospjeÅ”uju uÄinkovitost ove metode. PatohistoloÅ”ka analiza tkiva dobivenog biopsijom, potvrÄuje dijagnozu i procjenjuje potrebu za primjenom dijalize i transplantacije u djece s kroniÄnom bubrežnom bolesti.Anomalies of the urinary tract are the most common type of congenital anomalies. They occur as isolated changes or related to anomalies of the other organ systems in the body. Kidneys are most vulnerable subject to these anomalies; congenital renal anomalies comprise 60% of the causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Progression of this disease abridges kidney functions, and ultimately leads to chronic kidney failure (CKF). Detection of the oligomeganephronia and nephronophthisis in their early stages, as well as the treatment, decelerates the progression of damage to tissue, eliminates the occurrence of complications, and delays the onset of chronic renal failure. Drawing conclusions about the type of anomaly based solely on clinical features, laboratory reports and medical imaging, does not represent a reliable method. On the contrary, renal biopsy serves as more feasible diagnostic tool in assessing the nature of the disease, the degree, and the extent of the pathological changes. Most commonly used method is the ultrasound-guided percutaneous biopsy. The application of ultrasound provides an adequate view of intrarenal structures and collecting tissue samples in which the changes are most visible. A clear image of blood vessels and urinary canal system eliminates the possibility of their damaging. Preoperative preparation, proper techniques, and appropriate postoperative care reduce the risk of possible complications. In the case of contraindications for performing percutaneous biopsy, surgery is performed laparoscopically. Direct visual supervision of insertion of the probe inside the abdominal cavity, images of anatomical structures, and sample collection increase the efficiency of the laparoscopic method. A sample of tissue obtained by biopsy is then analyzed by light microscopy, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and in situ hybridization. Pathohistological analysis of tissue obtained by biopsy confirms the diagnosis and evaluates the need for dialysis and transplantation for children with chronic kidney disease
The role of biopsy in congenital kidney disease - oligomeganephronia and nephronophthisis
Anomalije mokraÄnog sustava su najuÄestalije kongenitalne anomalije. Nalaze se kao izolirane promjene ili s anomalijama drugih organskih sustava. Promjenama su najpodložniji bubrezi, a kongenitalne bubrežne anomalije Äine 60 % uzroka kroniÄne bubrežne bolesti. Napredovanje oÅ”teÄenja smanjuje bubrežnu funkciju i naposljetku dovodi do kroniÄnog bubrežnog zatajenja. Otkrivanje oligomeganefronije i nefronoftize u ranom stadiju bolesti, te zapoÄinjanje terapije, usporava napredak oÅ”teÄenja, otklanja nastanak komplikacija i odgaÄa nastup kroniÄnog bubrežnog zatajenja. DonoÅ”enje zakljuÄka o tipu promjene na temelju kliniÄke slike, laboratorijskih nalaza i slikovnih pretraga ne predstavlja dovoljno pouzdan izbor. Kao dijagnostiÄko sredstvo u procjeni naravi bolesti, stupnja i raÅ”irenosti patoloÅ”ke promjene, primjenjuje se biopsija. UltrazvuÄno voÄena perkutana biopsija je metoda koja se najÄeÅ”Äe koristi. Primjena ultrazvuka omoguÄuje dobar prikaz intrarenalnih struktura i prikupljanje uzorka tkiva na kojemu su promjene najizraženije. Jasan prikaz krvnih žila i kanalnog sustava otklanja moguÄnost njihova oÅ”teÄenja. Preoperativnom pripremom bolesnika, pravilnim izvoÄenje tehnike i odgovarajuÄom postoperativnom skrbi smanjuje se rizik nastanka komplikacija. U sluÄaju postojanja kontraindikacija za izvoÄenje perkutane biopsije, zahvat se izvodi laparoskopski. Izravan vizualan nadzor uvoÄenja sonde u trbuÅ”nu Å”upljinu, prikaz anatomskih struktura i prikupljanje uzorka pospjeÅ”uju uÄinkovitost ove metode. PatohistoloÅ”ka analiza tkiva dobivenog biopsijom, potvrÄuje dijagnozu i procjenjuje potrebu za primjenom dijalize i transplantacije u djece s kroniÄnom bubrežnom bolesti.Anomalies of the urinary tract are the most common type of congenital anomalies. They occur as isolated changes or related to anomalies of the other organ systems in the body. Kidneys are most vulnerable subject to these anomalies; congenital renal anomalies comprise 60% of the causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Progression of this disease abridges kidney functions, and ultimately leads to chronic kidney failure (CKF). Detection of the oligomeganephronia and nephronophthisis in their early stages, as well as the treatment, decelerates the progression of damage to tissue, eliminates the occurrence of complications, and delays the onset of chronic renal failure. Drawing conclusions about the type of anomaly based solely on clinical features, laboratory reports and medical imaging, does not represent a reliable method. On the contrary, renal biopsy serves as more feasible diagnostic tool in assessing the nature of the disease, the degree, and the extent of the pathological changes. Most commonly used method is the ultrasound-guided percutaneous biopsy. The application of ultrasound provides an adequate view of intrarenal structures and collecting tissue samples in which the changes are most visible. A clear image of blood vessels and urinary canal system eliminates the possibility of their damaging. Preoperative preparation, proper techniques, and appropriate postoperative care reduce the risk of possible complications. In the case of contraindications for performing percutaneous biopsy, surgery is performed laparoscopically. Direct visual supervision of insertion of the probe inside the abdominal cavity, images of anatomical structures, and sample collection increase the efficiency of the laparoscopic method. A sample of tissue obtained by biopsy is then analyzed by light microscopy, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and in situ hybridization. Pathohistological analysis of tissue obtained by biopsy confirms the diagnosis and evaluates the need for dialysis and transplantation for children with chronic kidney disease
Perinatalne znaÄajke infekcije virusom SARS-CoV-2 u trudnoÄi: moguÄ razlog za zabrinutost
Ever since the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic, uncertainty regarding clinical
presentation and differences among various subpopulations exist. With more than 209,870,000
confirmed cases and more than 4,400,000 deaths worldwide, we are facing the new era of health crisis
which will undoubtedly impair global health, economic and social circumstances. In the past year,
numerous genetic mutations which code SARS-CoV-2 proteins led to the occurrence of new viral
strains, with higher transmission rates. Apart from the implementation of vaccination, the effect of
SARS-CoV-2 on pregnancy outcome and maternal fetal transmission remains an important concern.
Although neonates diagnosed with COVID-19 were mostly asymptomatic or presented with mild
disease, the effect on early pregnancy is yet to be evident. While positive finding of SARS-CoV-2
RNA in some samples such as amniotic fluid, placental tissue, cord blood and breast milk exists, additional
research should confirm its association with transplacental transmission.Od poÄetka pandemije COVID-19 do danas tijek bolesti meÄu razliÄitim subpopulacijama ljudi nije do kraja poznat.
Diljem svijeta potvrÄeno je viÅ”e od 209.870.000 oboljelih, ali i viÅ”e od 4.400.000 smrtnih sluÄajeva. Nalazimo se u vremenu
globalne krize, suoÄeni s njezinim posljedicama na zdravlje ljudi, ekonomiju i druÅ”tvo. Protekle godine su brojne genske
mutacije koje dovode do strukturnih promjena proteina SARS-CoV-2 dovele do pojave novih sojeva virusa s veÄom transmisijom.
Bez obzira na uvoÄenje cijepljenja uÄinak SARS-CoV-2 na ishod trudnoÄe i prijenos virusa s majke na dijete i
dalje su važan predmet interesa. Zasad je poznato da je novoroÄenÄad s COVID-19 najÄeÅ”Äe asimptomatska ili s blagom
kliniÄkom slikom, a utjecaj infekcije na ranu trudnoÄu bit Äe tek vidljiv. Iako je RNK SARS-CoV-2 potvrÄena u uzorcima
plodove vode, posteljiÄnog tkiva, krvi pupkovine i u majÄinu mlijeku potrebna su dodatna istraživanja koja Äe potvrditi njezinu
povezanost s transplacentnim prijenosom
Procjena rizika u trudnoÄama majki u dobi iznad 40 godina
The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between womenās age
and risk of pregnancy-related complications. The study was a retrospective cohort analysis of the
pregnancy-related complications and outcomes between two age groups of parturient women.
Categorical
data were expressed as absolute and relative frequencies. Statistical analysis was performed
using Ļ2-test. The incidence of gestational diabetes was higher in the 40-47 age group as compared
with the 20-24 age group. The rates of hypertension, preeclampsia, intrahepatic cholestasis of
pregnancy
and hypothyroidism did not differ between the two groups. The rates of labor induction,
oxytocin use, vaginal delivery, and need for episiotomy were higher in younger age group. Dystocia and
breech presentation as indications for cesarean section were more common among younger women.
According to study results, the risk of gestational diabetes and rates of cesarean delivery increased with
advanced maternal age.Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati povezanost dobi majke i rizika povezanih s njihovim trudnoÄama. Retrospektivno kohortno
istraživanje provedeno je usporedbom pojavnosti rizika i ishoda trudnoÄa dviju skupina trudnica. Kategorijski podatci prikazani
su apsolutnim i relativnim frekvencijama. StatistiÄka analiza provedena je primjenom Ļ2-testa. Incidencija gestacijskog
dijabetesa bila je veÄa u skupini trudnica u dobi od 40-47 godina u usporedbi sa skupinom u dobi od 20-24 godine. Stopa
hipertenzije, preeklampsije, intrahepatiÄne kolestaze u trudnoÄi i hipotireoidizma nije se razlikovala izmeÄu dviju dobnih
skupina trudnica. Stope indukcije poroÄaja, upotrebe oksitocina, vaginalnog poroÄaja i potreba za epiziotomijom bile su veÄe
u trudnica mlaÄe dobi. Nenapredovanje poroÄaja i stav ploda zatkom kao indikacije za carski rez bile su ÄeÅ”Äe u žena mlaÄe
dobi. Rezultati istraživanja upuÄuju na veÄi rizik gestacijskog dijabetesa i dovrÅ”enja trudnoÄe carskim rezom u trudnica
uznapredovale
životne dobi
Kolposkopija u dijagnostici premalignih i malignih promjena vrata maternice
Dugotrajna infekcija visokoriziÄnim tipovima humanog papiloma virusa (HPV-a) glavni je Äimbenik nastajanja premalignih i malignih lezija vrata maternice. UÄinkovita prevencija i kontrola bolesti zahtijeva poznavanje epidemioloÅ”kih karakteristika populacije, provoÄenje metoda probira te otkrivanja bolesti u Å”to ranijem stadiju odnosno predstadiju invazivne bolesti. DijagnostiÄke metode koje se koriste u cilju probira ukljuÄuju citoloÅ”ke metode ā PAPA test, mikrobioloÅ”ka testiranja, HPV testiranje, HPV genotipizaciju i kolposkopiju. KoriÅ”tenje novih dijagnostiÄkih testova zahtijeva preispitivanje uloge svih razina probira odnosno dijagnosticiranja. Usporedom smjernica razliÄitih struÄnih druÅ”tava za probir i dijagnosticiranje premalignih i malignih lezija vrata maternice, kolposkopija je metoda koja odreÄuje daljnji smjer. Cilj je ovog rada propitati važnost i ulogu kolposkopije u dijagnostici i praÄenju premalignih i malignih promjena vrata maternice u sinergiji s drugim dijagnostiÄkim metodama
Male to female birth ratios over a 35-year period
Aim Along with changes to the human physique recorded over
the past decades in certain countries, there are also changes concerning the male-female birth ratio. The aim of this study was to
establish the movement of male-female birth ratios and factors
affecting the ratio.
Methods This retrospective study was conducted in Zagreb, Croatia, in the period from 1985 to 2019 on a sample of 3804 newborns.
Results In the 35-year period the ratio of boys and girls at birth did
not change significantly. Girls had lower birth weight, and boys
had higher birth length. In the war period (1992-1994), a mild
increase in the ratio of boys was noted, but not statistically significant. Fatherās age in the last period examined (2007-2009) showed
to be a statistically significant predictor of the childās gender. Namely, the descendants of younger fathers were statistically significantly more frequently girls, while the descendants of older fathers
were more frequently boys. Married mothers had higher percentage of male births (51.5%), and a lower percentage (47.1%) by
unmarried mothers.
Conclusion The changes in birth ratios are particularly pronounced in different age and socioeconomic groups of parents nowadays when the growth of living standards is accompanied by significant changes of the human physique
Awareness and attitude of doctors about the HPV vaccine in Croatia
Uvod: Primarna prevencija raka vrata maternice ukljuÄuje informiranje i poticanje svijesti o odgovornom spolnom ponaÅ”anju i metodama prevencije spolno prenosivih infekcija i kontracepcije. U okviru mjera primarne prevencije, cijepljenje protiv humanog papilomavirusa (HPV) jest dostupna i uÄinkovita dopuna mjerama zaÅ”tite od premalignih i malignih lezija anogenitalne regije. Cilj rada bio je istražiti znanje, miÅ”ljenja, stavove o cijepljenju i status cijepljenja lijeÄnika protiv HPV-a u Hrvatskoj. Metode: Deskriptivna, opažajna, presjeÄna studija provedena je meÄu Älanovima Hrvatske lijeÄniÄke komore koristeÄi elektroniÄki upitnik. Analizirana su sociodemografska obilježja ispitanika, znanja, miÅ”ljenja i stavovi o cijepljenju, status cijepljenja i spremnost na cijepljenje ispitanika i njihove djece. Analiza rezultata provedena je hi-kvadrat testom. Rezultati: U analiziranoj skupini (N=1,688 od 18,421) ispitanika, zagovarateljima/cama cijepljenja smatra se 91,59% (N=1546), protivnicima 3,14% (N=53), a 5,27% (N=89) nema stav prema cijepljenju. Udio lijeÄnika cijepljenih protiv HPV-a iznosi 12,32% (N=208), 19,73% (N=333) je cijepilo dijete, 46,64% (N=632 od 1355) onih koji nisu cijepili ili nemaju djecu, planira to uÄiniti. NajveÄu skupinu cijepljenih lijeÄnika Äine lijeÄnici bez specijalizacije (n=112 od 371, 30,19%), mlaÄe dobne skupine. VeÄina lijeÄnika (99,17%, N=1674) smatra da je cjepivo protiv HPV-a dostupno u Republici Hrvatskoj, 86,85% (N=1466) smatra da je cijepljenje namijenjeno osobama oba spola starijima od 9 godina, 60,55% ispitanika (N=1022) smatra da cervikalna displazija ne predstavlja kontraindikaciju za cijepljenje. Kao najÄeÅ”Äi razlozi protivljenja cijepljenju protiv HPV-a navedene su nuspojave i miÅ”ljenje da je cijepljenje nepotrebno. ZakljuÄak: VeÄina ispitanika ovog istraživanja ima pozitivan stav o cijepljenju protiv HPV-a. Iako je stopa lijeÄnika i njihove djece cijepljenih protiv HPV-a razmjerno niska, veÄina ispitanika spremna je cijepiti svoje dijete. Niska stopa cijepljenih lijeÄnika vjerojatno je posljedica manjeg broja ispitanika mlaÄih dobnih skupina koji su imali priliku biti cijepljeni. Ipak, spremnost na cijepljenje djece važan je pokazatelj stava o cijepljenju.Introduction: Primary prevention of cervical cancer includes informing, raising awareness about responsible sexual behavior, prevention of sexually transmitted infections, and contraception. As part of primary prevention, human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination is an available and effective additional protective method against premalignant and malignant anogenital lesions. This study aimed to investigate physicianās knowledge, opinions, and attitudes about vaccination and HPV vaccination status in Croatia. Methods: A descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study was conducted among members of the Croatian Medical Chamber by using electronic questionnaire. Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents, knowledge, attitudes and willingness for vaccination, vaccination status of respondents and their children were analyzed by chi-square test. Results: In the analyzed group (N=1,688 of 18,421), 91.59% respondents (N=1,546) advocate, 3.14% (N=53) oppose, and 5.27% (N=89) do not have attitude towards vaccination. The share of physicians vaccinated against HPV is 12.32% (N=208), 19.73% (N=333) vaccinated their child, and 46.64% (N=632 of 1,355) who did not vaccinat their children or do not have any , intend to do it. The majority of vaccinated physicians do not have specialization (30.19%, N=112 of 371), and belong to younger age groups. The majority (99.17%, N=1,674) believethat the HPV vaccine is available in Croatia, 86.85% (N=1,466) believe that vaccination is intended for both sexes older than nine years, and 60.55% of respondents (N=1,022) believe that cervical dysplasia is not a contraindication for vaccination. The commonest reasons for opposing HPV vaccination are side effects and opinion
that vaccination is unnecessary. Conclusion: Most respondents have a positive attitude about HPV vaccination. Despite the low HPV vaccination rate of physicians and their children, most respondents are willing to vaccinate their children. The low vaccination rate is probably due to the smaller number of younger respondents who have had the opportunity to be vaccinated. Nevertheless, willingness to vaccinate children is an important indicator of
the attitude towards vaccination
Perforacija stijenke maternice nakon upotrebe unutarmaterniÄnog uloÅ”ka: prikaz sluÄaja i pregled literature
Uvod: Upotreba unutarmaterniÄnog uloÅ”ka, IUD (engl. Intrauterine device) siguran je oblik kontracepcije koji je zbog uÄinkovitosti i malog rizika neželjenih dogaÄaja, pozitivno prihvaÄen od strane korisnica. UÄestalost neželjenih dogaÄaja vrlo je niska, ali veÄom primjenom ove metode predviÄa se i veÄi broj komplikacija.
Metode: U ovom radu prikazan je sluÄaj bolesnice kod koje je nakon viÅ”e godina koriÅ”tenja, prilikom zamjene unutarmaterniÄnog uloÅ”ka, nastupila asimptomatska kompletna perforacija uterusa.
Rasprava: Perforacija uterusa nakon primjene unutarmaterniÄnog uloÅ”ka vrlo je rijetka komplikacija, a ukoliko nastupi može biti tiha ili asimptomatska, kao Å”to je bio sluÄaj kod naÅ”e bolesnice. DijagnostiÄkom obradom postavljena je sumnja na ekstrauterinu, intraabdominalnu lokalizaciju uloÅ”ka koja je potvrÄena laproskopskim pristupom, a unutarmaterniÄni uložak u cijelosti je odstranjen.
ZakljuÄak: Komplikacije su moguÄe i nakon viÅ”e godina od redovite i sigurne primjene, i u asimptomatskih bolesnica
Impact of Intrapartal Analgesia Using Petihdine or Tramadol on Obstetrical Outcomes ā a Head-to-Head Randomized Double Blind Prospective Interventional Study
Cilj: Cilj istraživanja bila je usporedba djelovanja tramadola i petidina tijekom poroÄaja na opstetriÄke ishode (njihov analgetski uÄinak, trajanje poroÄaja, pojavnost nuspojava u rodilja i neonatalni status). Metode:
Djelovanje analgetika ispitano je prospektivnim usporedbenim (engl. head-to-head) randomiziranim dvostruko slijepim intervencijskim istraživanjem na uzorku od 60 rodilja tijekom roÄnog poroÄaja. U istraživanju su upotrijebljene doze tramadola i petidina od 50 mg primijenjene intravenski. Pri analizi podataka služili smo se testom razlike u proporcijama dvaju nezavisnih skupova i Studentovim t-testom. Prije provedbe t-testa normalnost je ispitana Kolmogorov-Smirnovljevim testom.
Rezultati: Primjena tramadola povezana je s manje prijavljenih nuspojava te kraÄim trajanjem poroÄaja u odnosu prema skupini rodilja lijeÄenih petidinom. Analizom analgetskog uÄinka statistiÄki znaÄajno niža vrijednost boli nakon 10 minuta i 30 minuta utvrÄena je u pacijentica kojima je primijenjen petidin u odnosu prema onima na tramadolu, uz negativnu razliku osjeta boli u obje promatrane toÄke mjerenja. Efekt primjene tramadola iÅ”Äeznuo je nakon 30 minuta. Nisu utvrÄene statistiÄki znaÄajne razlike u karakteristikama CTG zapisa, Apgarina zbroja, vrijednosti pH iz pupkovine.
ZakljuÄak: Prema rezultatima istraživanja, tramadol skraÄuje trajanje poroÄaja, a petidin ima jaÄi analgetski uÄinak, ali i viÅ”e neugodnih nuspojava za majku. Neonatalni je ishod neovisan o vrsti opioida.Objective: The aim of the study is to compare the effects of tramadol and pethidine during labor on the obstetrical outcomes (their analgesic effect, duration of labor, and the occurrence of adverse events in mother
and neonate. Methods: The effect of analgesia was investigated by a prospective head-to-head randomized double-blind intervention study on a sample of 60 women in labor. In the study, 50 mg of tramadol and pethidine was administered intravenously. Data analysis was performed using tests of the difference of two independent proportions and Studentās tests. Prior to the comparison of groups, normality was tested using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Results: The use of tramadol is associated with side effects less frequently reported and a shorter labor duration compared to the use of pethidine. Compared to tramadol, a statistically significant lower level of pain was determined after ten minutes and 30 minutes in patients among whom pethidine was used. In the tramadol group, a negative difference in the sensation of pain was determined in both points of measurement that were observed. The effect of tramadol administration vanished after 30 minutes. There were no statistically significant differences in fetal heart rate characteristics, Apgar score, and fetal acid-base status at birth. Conclusion: According to the study, tramadol shortens the duration of labour, whereas pethidine has a stronger analgesic effect, but is also accompanied with more maternal side effects being reported. No difference in the neonatal outcome was found