Pharmacokinetics of Carboplatin in Combination with Low-Dose Cyclophosphamide in Female Dogs with Mammary Carcinoma

This prospective study aimed to evaluate the effect of metronomic cyclophosphamide on carboplatin’s tolerability, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics in dogs with mammary carcinoma. Sixteen female dogs with mammary carcinoma were divided into groups: 300 mg/m2 intravenous (i.v.) carboplatin therapy (G1 = 8) or 300 mg/m2 i.v. carboplatin which was associated with 12.5 mg/m2 oral cyclophosphamide in a metronomic regimen (G2 = 8). The investigated animals underwent a clinical evaluation, a mastectomy, a carboplatin chemotherapy, and serial blood sampling for the pharmacokinetic analysis. The adverse events and survival rates were monitored. A non-compartmental analysis was applied to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters of carboplatin in the 2nd and 4th chemotherapy cycles. Carboplatin PK showed high interindividual variability with a 10-fold variation in the area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) in G1. The systemic plasma exposure to carboplatin was equivalent in both of the treatments considering the AUC and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) values. Although the red blood cells (p < 0.0001), platelets (p = 0.0005), total leukocytes (p = 0.0002), and segmented neutrophils (p = 0.0007) were reduced in G2, the survival rate increased (p = 0.0044) when it was compared to G1. In conclusion, adding low daily doses of cyclophosphamide to a carboplatin therapy showed promising outcomes in female dogs with mammary tumors

Influence of experimental diabetes on the kinetic disposition and stereoselective metabolism of trans-tramadol in rats.

O trans-tramadol (trans-T), é um analgésico de ação central disponível na clínica como mistura racêmica dos enantiômeros (+)-trans-T e (-)-trans-T. O trans-T é biotransformado pelo CYP2D ao metabólito ativo O-desmetiltramadol (M1) e pelo CYP2B e CYP3A ao metabólito inativo N-desmetiltramadol (M2). O estudo investiga a influência do diabetes experimental na disposição cinética e no metabolismo dos enantiômeros do trans-T e seus metabólitos em animais tratados ou não com insulina e/ou quinidina. Os ratos machos Wistar foram divididos nos grupos controle, quinidina (dose única de quinidina i.p. 80mg/Kg 4 h antes do trans-T), diabético (dose única de estreptozotocina i.v. 45 mg/kg), diabético insulina (insulina NPH 2 UI/dia durante 12 dias), diabético quinidina e diabético insulina quinidina. Os animais (n=6/tempo de coleta) receberam dose única oral (gavagem) de 20 mg/kg de rac-trans-T e as coletas seriadas de sangue foram realizadas até 12 h após a administração. As concentrações plasmáticas dos enantiômeros do trans-T, M1 and M2 foram determinadas por LC-MS-MS usando a coluna de fase quiral Chiralpak® AD. Os parâmetros farmacocinéticos foram calculados com auxílio do programa WinNonlin 4.1. e expressos como mediana. A disposição cinética do trans-T é enantiosseletiva no grupo controle com acúmulo plasmático do (+)-trans-T (AUC 527,88 vs 116,38 ng.h/mL) e do (+)-M2 (AUC 1210,90 vs 225,34 ng.h/mL); teste de Wilcoxon com p<0,05. A administração de quinidina mostra perda da enantiosseletividade na disposição cinética do trans-T e acúmulo plasmático do (-)-M1 (AUC 957,61 vs 1672,70 ng.h/mL) e do (+)-M2 (AUC 4732,40 vs 1582,80 ng.h/mL). A comparação entre os grupos controle e quinidina permite observar que o tratamento com quinidina resulta em acúmulo plasmático do (-)-trans-T (AUC 828,44 vs 116,38 ng.h/mL), (+)-trans-T (AUC 2243,10 vs 527,88 ng.h/mL), (-)-M2 (AUC 1582,80 vs 225,34 ng.h/mL) e (+)-M2 (AUC 4732,40 vs 1210,90 ng.h/mL). Os animais com diabetes induzido por estreptozotocina quando comparados ao grupo controle mostram inibição (teste Kruskall-Wallis, p<0,05) do metabolismo do (+)-trans-T (AUC 527,88 vs 2617,80 ng.h/mL), (-)-trans-T (AUC 116,38 vs 1081,70 ng.h/mL) e do (-)-M1 (918,52 vs 2723,90 ng.h/mL). O tratamento com insulina durante 12 dias reverte a inibição preferencial no metabolismo do (-)-trans-T causada pelo diabetes experimental. Os valores de AUC do (-)-trans-T no grupo diabetes insulina (195,42 ng.h/mL) são próximos aos valores reportados para o grupo controle (116,38 ng.h/mL) e menores do que aqueles reportados para o grupo diabético (1081,70 ng.h/mL). Em relação ao (+)-trans-T pode-se observar tendência de redução nas concentrações plasmáticas no grupo de animais diabéticos tratados com insulina (AUC 1460,10 ng.h/mL) em relação ao grupo diabético (AUC 2617,80 ng.h/mL). Concluindo, os animais com diabetes induzido por estreptozotocina mostram inibição preferencial do metabolismo do (-)-trans-T, a qual é revertida pelo tratamento com insulina durante 12 dias. O tratamento com quinidina resulta em acúmulo plasmático do (-)-trans-T, (+)-trans-T, (-)-M2 e (+)-M2. Ressalta-se, no entanto que nos animais com diabetes induzido por estreptozotocina tratados ou não com insulina a quinidina não altera a disposição cinética de ambos os enantiômeros do trans-T.Trans-tramadol (trans-T) is a central action analgesic, which is available in clinical practice as a racemic mixture of the (+)-trans-T and (-)-trans-T enantiomers. Trans-T is biotransformed by CYP2D to the active metabolite O-desmethyltramadol (M1) and by CYP2B and CYP3A to the inactive metabolite N-desmethyltramadol (M2). This study investigates the influence of experimental diabetes on the kinetic disposition and metabolism of the enantiomers of trans-T and its metabolites in animals treated or not with insulin and/or quinidine. Male Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: control, quinidine (single i.p. dose of 80 mg/kg quinidine administered 4 h before trans-T), diabetic (single i.v. dose of 45 mg/kg streptozotocin), insulin diabetic (2 IU/day NPH insulin for 12 days), quinidine diabetic, and insulin+quinidine diabetic. The animals (n=6 per sampling time) received a single oral (gavage) dose of 20 mg/kg racemic trans-T and serial blood samples were collected up to 12 h after administration of the drug. Plasma concentrations of the trans-T, M1 and M2 enantiomers were determined by LC-MS/MS using a Chiralpak® AD chiral column. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using the WinNonlin 4.1 program and are expressed as median. The kinetic disposition of trans-T was enantioselective in the control group, with the plasma accumulation of (+)-trans-T (AUC 527.88 vs 116.38 ng.h/mL) and (+)-M2 (AUC 1210.90 vs 225.34 ng.h/mL) (Wilcoxon test, p<0.05). The administration of quinidine resulted in the loss of enantioselectivity in the kinetic disposition of trans-T and in the plasma accumulation of (-)-M1 (AUC 957.61 vs 1672.70 ng.h/mL) and (+)-M2 (AUC 4732.40 vs 1582.80 ng.h/mL). Comparison between the control and quinidine groups showed that treatment with quinidine resulted in the plasma accumulation of (-)-trans-T (AUC 828.44 vs 116.38 ng.h/mL), (+)-trans-T (AUC 2243.10 vs 527.88 ng.h/mL), (-)-M2 (AUC 1582.80 vs 225.34 ng.h/mL), and (+)-M2 (AUC 4732.40 vs 1210.90 ng.h/mL). Inhibition of the metabolism of (+)-trans-T (AUC 527.88 vs 2617.80 ng.h/mL), (-)-trans-T (AUC 116.38 vs 1081.70 ng.h/mL), and (-)-M1 (918.52 vs 2723.90 ng.h/mL) was observed in animals with streptozotocin-induced diabetes when compared to the control group (Kruskal-Wallis test, p<0.05). Treatment with insulin for 12 days reversed the preferential inhibition of the metabolism of (-)-trans-T caused by experimental diabetes. The AUC value of (-)-trans-T obtained for the insulin diabetic group (195.42 ng.h/mL) was close to that found for the control group (116.38 ng.h/mL) and lower than that observed for the diabetic group (1081.70 ng.h/mL). Plasma concentrations of (+)-trans-T tended to be lower in the group of diabetic animals treated with insulin (AUC 1460.10 ng.h/mL) compared to the diabetic group (AUC 2617.80 ng.h/mL). In conclusion, preferential inhibition of the metabolism of (-)-trans-T is observed in animals with streptozotocin-induced diabetes, which is reversed by insulin treatment for 12 days. Treatment with quinidine results in the plasma accumulation of (-)-trans-T, (+)-trans-T, (-)-M2, and (+)-M2. However, quinidine does not alter the kinetic disposition of either trans-T enantiomer in animals with streptozotocin-induced diabetes treated or not with insulin

Enantioselective analysis of unbound tramadol, O-desmethyltramadol and N-desmethyltramadol in plasma by ultrafiltration and LC-MS/MS: Application to clinical pharmacokinetics

This study describes the enantioselective analysis of unbound and total concentrations of tramadol and its main metabolites O-desmethyltramadol (M1) and N-desmethyltramadol (M2) in human plasma. Sample preparation was preceded by an ultrafiltration step to separate the unbound drug. Both the ultrafiltrate and plasma samples were submitted to liquid/liquid extraction with methyl t-butyl ether. Separation was performed on a Chiralpak (R) AD column and tandem mass spectrometry consisting of an electrospray ionization source, positive ion mode and multiple reaction monitoring was used as the detection system. Linearity was observed in the following ranges: 0.2-600 and 0.5-250 ng/mL for analysis of total and unbound concentrations of the tramadol enantiomers, respectively, and 0.1-300 and 0.25-125 ng/mL for total and unbound concentrations of the M1 and M2 enantiomers, respectively. The lower limits of quantitation were 0.2 and 0.5 ng/mL for analysis of total and unbound concentration of each tramadol enantiomer, respectively, and 0.1 and 0.25 ng/mL for total and unbound concentrations of M1 and M2 enantiomers, respectively. Intra- and interassay reproducibility and inaccuracy did not exceed 15%. Clinical application of the method to patients with neuropathic pain showed plasma accumulation of (+)-tramadol and (+)-M2 after a single oral dose of racemic tramadol. Fractions unbound of tramadol, M1 or M2 were not enantioselective in the patients investigated. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Brazilian Government Funding Agency CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico)Brazilian Government Funding Agency CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico

Simultaneous Analysis of Tramadol, O-Desmethyltramadol, and N-Desmethyltramadol Enantiomers in Rat Plasma by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Application to Pharmacokinetics

Tramadol (T) is available as a racemic mixture of (+)-trans-T and (-)-trans-T. The main metabolic pathways are O-demethylation and N-demethylation, producing trans-O-desmethyltramadol (M1) and trans-N-desmethyltramadol (M2) enantiomers, respectively. The analgesic effect of T is related to the opioid activity of (+)-trans-T and (+)-M1 and to the monoaminergic action of (+/-)-trans-T. This is the first study using tandem mass spectrometry as a detection system for the simultaneous analysis of trans-T, M1, and M2 enantiomers. The analytes were resolved on a Chiralpak (R) AD column using hexane: ethanol (95.5:4.5, v/v) plus 0.1% diethylamine as the mobile phase. The quantitation limits were 0.5 ng/ml for trans-T and M1 and 0.1 ng/ml for M2. The method developed and validated here was applied to a pharmacokinetic study in rats. Male Wistar rats (n = 6 at each time point) received a single oral dose of 20 mg/kg racemic trans-T. Blood samples were collected up to 12 h after drug administration. The kinetic disposition of trans-T and M2 was enantioselective (AUC((+)/(-)) ratio = 4.16 and 6.36, respectively). The direction and extent of enantioselectivity in the pharmacokinetics of trans-T and M2 in rats were comparable to data previously reported for healthy volunteers, suggesting that rats are a suitable model for enantioselective studies of trans-T pharmacokinetics. Chirality 23: 287-293, 2011. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq

Active Potential of Bacterial Cellulose-Based Wound Dressing: Analysis of Its Potential for Dermal Lesion Treatment

The use of innate products for the fast and efficient promotion of healing process has been one of the biomedical sector&rsquo;s main bets for lesion treatment modernization process. The aim of this study was to develop and characterize bacterial cellulose-based (BC) wound dressings incorporated with green and red propolis extract (2 to 4%) and the active compounds p-coumaric acid and biochanin A (8 to 16 mg). The characterization of the nine developed samples (one control and eight active wound dressings) evidenced that the mechanics, physics, morphological, and barrier properties depended not only on the type of active principle incorporated onto the cellulosic matrix, but also on its concentration. Of note were the results found for transparency (28.59&ndash;110.62T600 mm&minus;1), thickness (0.023&ndash;0.046 mm), swelling index (48.93&ndash;405.55%), water vapor permeability rate (7.86&ndash;38.11 g m2 day&minus;1), elongation (99.13&ndash;262.39%), and antioxidant capacity (21.23&ndash;86.76 &mu;g mL&minus;1). The wound dressing based on BC and red propolis was the only one that presented antimicrobial activity. The permeation and retention test revealed that the wound dressing containing propolis extract presented the most corneal stratum when compared with viable skin. Overall, the developed wound dressing showed potential to be used for treatment against different types of dermal lesions, according to its determined proprieties

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data