Dysphagia in acute stroke: systematic review on evaluation methods

Objetivo: analisar os testes clínico-funcionais para avaliação da disfagia orofaríngea em pacientes na fase aguda do AVE e rever criticamente as referências nacionais e internacionais sobre o tema. Método: revisão sistemática através dos bancos de dados: PUBMED, LILACS, SciELO, Cochrane; de textos didáticos e revisões publicadas, além das listas de referências destas várias fontes. Resultados: Existe tendência internacional pela valorização dos testes que utilizam água, em função de sua aplicação simples e boa sensibilidade para identificação de dificuldades na deglutição. Já a literatura nacional sugere, principalmente, a avaliação do desempenho do paciente com alimentos de várias consistências. Conclusões: A videofluoroscopia é aceita como método-ouro na avaliação da disfagia. Contudo, tem importantes limitações na avaliação de pacientes no estágio inicial do AVE. A videoendoscopia da deglutição, quando disponível, pode ser uma opção para estes pacientes. Existe grande variabilidade nos métodos de oferta para o paciente entre os testes clínico-funcionais. Apesar das críticas, os métodos clínico-funcionais, são amplamente utilizados com pacientes na fase aguda do AVE, não parecendo oferecer risco significativo aos pacientes.Objective: To critically review the literature on clinicofunctional tests used for the evaluation of dysphagia in the acute phase of stroke, with emphasis on differences between protocols usually recommended by Brazilian and foreign authors. Methods: A systematic review of published articles found in PUBMED, LILACS, SciELO and Cochrane databases was carried out, as well as of didactic texts, published reviews and reference lists of all texts for additional articles of interest. Results: International authors tend to emphasize the importance of tests that use water, as they are relatively simple to use and present good sensitivity for the detection of deglutition disorders. On the other hand, Brazilian researchers mainly suggest the use of foods with different consistencies, focused on developing adequate feeding strategies. Conclusions: Although instrumental exams such as the videofluoroscopy may be seen as the gold standard for the detection of deglutition disorders, they present a number of limitations in the acute stroke setting. When available, the videoendoscopy may be an option for these patients. A large number of clinicofunctional protocols have been reported for use in the evaluation of dysphagia in the acute phase of stroke. They are extensively used and practical for the evaluation of associated risks such as aspiration and, with the use of adequate techniques, should be seen as safe and effective evaluation methods

Exon dosage variations in Brazilian patients with Parkinson's disease: Analysis of SNCA, PARKIN, PINK1 and DJ-1 genes

Abstract. Parkinson's disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders associated with aging, reaching ∼ 2% of individuals over 65 years. Knowledge achieved in the last decade about the genetic basis of Parkinson's disease clearly shows that genetic factors play an important role in the etiology of this disorder. Exon dosage variations account for a high proportion of Parkinson's disease mutations, mainly for PARKIN gene. In the present study, we screened genomic rearrangements in SNCA, PARKIN, PINK1 and DJ-1 genes in 102 Brazilian Parkinson's disease patients with early onset (age of onset 50 years), using the multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification method. Family history was reported by 24 patients, while 78 were sporadic cases. Screening of exon dosage revealed PARKIN and PINK1 copy number variations, but no dosage alteration was found in SNCA and DJ-1 genes. Most of the carriers harbor heterozygous deletions or duplications in the PARKIN gene and only one patient was found to have a deletion in PINK1 exon 1. Data about dosage changes are scarce in the Brazilian population, which stresses the importance of including exon dosage analysis in Parkinson's disease genetic studies

Distonias: aspectos clínicos e terapêuticos em 64 pacientes Dystonias: clinical and therapeutic features in 64 patients

Os Autores apresentam a experiência em 64 pacientes, com as várias formas clínicas de apresentação de distonias, acompanhados no Setor de Doenças Extrapiramidais do Serviço de Neurologia do Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho da UFRJ, assim como, revisam a literatura, cotejando os resultados. O acompanhamento desses pacientes durante 5 anos e 6 meses resultou nas seguintes observações: 33 do sexo masculino e 31 do feminino; 48 brancos, 10 pardos e 6 negros; a média do tempo de doença foi 9 anos e 8 meses. Quanto à distribuição do movimento anormal, 30 (46,9%) eram focais; 17 (26,6%), segmentares; 13 (20,3%), generalizadas; 3 (4,7%), hemidistonias; 1 (1,5%), multifocal. Quanto à idade de início, em 11 (17,2%) se apresentou antes dos 12 anos; em 6 (9,4%), entre 13 e 20 anos; e em 47 (73,4%), após os 20 anos. Correspondiam à origem idiopática esporádica, 39 (60,9%); idiopática familiar, 6 (9,4%); sintomática, 19 (29,7%). No que se refere à abordagem terapêutica destes pacientes, destacamos o emprego de anticolinérgicos, de agonistas e antagonistas dopaminérgicos e do baclofen isolado ou associado aos anticolinérgicos para as formas generalizadas. Para as distonias focais, os Autores concluem ser a toxina botulínica do tipo A o agente terapêutico mais eficaz aconselhado atualmente.<br>The experience with 64 patients with dystonia seen at the Extrapyramidal Diseases Sector of the Neurology Department of the Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho of the UFRJ is presented as well as the pertinent review of the literature. The five-and-a-half-year of follow-up showed that 33 were male and 31 female; 48 were white, 10 mulatto and 6 negro; the mean time of disease was 9 years and 8 months. According to the distribution of the movement disorder, 30 (46.9%) were focal, 17 (26.6%) segmental, 13 (20.3%) generalized, 3 (4.7%) hemidystonia and 1 (1.5%) multifocal. In 11 (17.2%) the age of onset was before 12 years old, in 6 (9.4%) between 13 and 20 years old, and in 47 (73.4%) after 20 years old. According to the etiology, 39 (60.9%) were idiopathic sporadic, 6 (9.4%) were idiopathic familial and 19 (29.7%) were symptomatic. The therapeutical approach used in these patients were anticholinergic drugs, dopaminergic agonists or antagonists and baclofen, alone or associated with anticholinergic drugs for generalized dystonia. The authors conclude that botulinum toxin type A is the most valuable therapeutic agent in the treatment of focal dystonia

Movement disorders in 28 HIV-infected patients Distúrbios do movimento em 28 pacientes infectados pelo HIV

From 1986 to 1999, 2460 HIV-positive inpatients were seen in our Hospital. Neurological abnormalities were detected in 1053 (42.8%) patients. In this group, 28 (2.7%) had involuntary movements, 14 (50%) with secondary parkinsonism, six (21.4%) with hemichorea/hemiballismus, four (14.2%) with myoclonus, two (7.2%) with painful legs and moving toes, one (3.6%) with hemidystonia and one (3.6%) with Holmes' tremor. The HIV itself (12 patients), toxoplasmosis of the midbrain (1) and metoclopramide-related symptoms (1) were the most probable causes for the parkinsonism. All patients with hemichorea/hemiballismus were men and in all of them toxoplasmosis of the basal ganglia, mostly on the right side, was the cause of the involuntary movements. Generalized myoclonus was seen in two patients and they were due to toxoplasmosis and HIV-encephalopathy respectively; two others presented with spinal myoclonus. The two patients with painful legs and moving toes had an axonal neuropathy. The patient with hemidystonia suffered from toxoplasmosis in the basal ganglia and the patient with Holmes' tremor had co-infection with tuberculosis and toxoplasmosis affecting the midbrain and cerebellum. We conclude that HIV-infected patients can present almost any movement disorder. They can be related to opportunistic infections, medications, mass lesions and possibly to a direct or indirect effect of the HIV itself.<br>De 1986 a 1999, 2460 pacientes HIV-positivos internados foram avaliados em nosso Hospital. Alterações neurológicas foram encontradas em 1053 (42,8%). Neste grupo, 28 (2,7%) exibiam movimentos involuntários, 14 (50%) com parkinsonismo secundário, seis (21,4%) com hemicoréia/hemiballismo, quatro (14,2%) com mioclonias, dois (7,2%) com painful legs and moving toes, um (3,6%) com hemidistonia e um (3,6%) com tremor de Holmes. No grupo com parkinsonismo, 12 eram, provavelmente, secundários ao HIV; um à toxoplasmose mesencefálica e outro desencadeado pela metoclopramida. Todos com hemicoréia/hemiballismo eram homens e estavam relacionados com toxoplasmose nos gânglios da base. Nos quatro pacientes com mioclonia, em dois era generalizada, relacionada, em um, com toxoplasmose e, em outro, com a encefalopatia pelo HIV; nos outros dois era de origem medular. Nos dois pacientes com painful legs and moving toes, ficou demonstrada a neuropatia axonal pela biópsia do nervo periférico. Toxoplasmose da gânglia basal estava relacionada com hemidistonia contralateral. No paciente com tremor de Holmes havia lesões no mesencéfalo e no cerebelo, secundárias à co-infecção pelo bacilo da tuberculose e pelo Toxoplasma gondii. Concluímos que diversos distúrbios do movimento podem ocorrer em pacientes infectados pelo HIV. Costumam estar relacionados às infecções oportunísticas, ao uso de certos medicamentos, às lesões com efeito de massa e, possivelmente, à ação direta ou indireta do HIV

Genetic Analysis of PARK2 and PINK1 Genes in Brazilian Patients with Early-Onset Parkinson’s Disease

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-21T17:25:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1914 bytes, checksum: 7d48279ffeed55da8dfe2f8e81f3b81f (MD5) mario_camposjr_etal_IOC_2013.pdf: 1188978 bytes, checksum: f638012ec1b52eb8da449aa167e62336 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes. Departamento de Genética. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Genética Humana. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Hospital Universit´ario Clementino Fraga Filho. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Centro Biomédico. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade Federal de Goiás. Hospital das Clínicas. Núcleo de Neurociências. Goiânia, GO, Brasil / Instituto Integrado de Neurociências. Goiânia, GO, Brasil.Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes. Departamento de Genética. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes. Departamento de Genética. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes. Departamento de Genética. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes. Departamento de Genética. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Parkinson’s disease is the second most frequent neurodegenerative disorder in the world, affecting 1-2% of individuals over the age of 65. The etiology of Parkinson’s disease is complex, with the involvement of gene-environment interactions. Although it is considered a disease of late manifestation, early-onset forms of parkinsonism contribute to 5–10% of all cases. In the present study, we screened mutations in coding regions of PARK2 and PINK1 genes in 136 unrelated Brazilian patients with early-onset Parkinson’s disease through automatic sequencing. We identified six missense variants in PARK2 gene: one known pathogenic mutation, two variants of uncertain role, and three nonpathogenic changes. No pathogenic mutation was identified in PINK1 gene, only benign polymorphisms. All putative pathogenic variants found in this study were in heterozygous state. Our data show that PARK2 pointmutations aremore common in Brazilian early-onset Parkinson’s disease patients (2.9%) than PINK1 missense variants (0%), corroborating other studies worldwide