Quantification of fatty acids in tilapia fingerlings (Oreochromis niloticus) fed with different sources of vegetable oils<br>Quantificação de ácidos graxos de alevinos de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) alimentados com diferentes fontes de óleos vegetais

The present work aimed to quantify the fatty acids in total lipids of Nile tilapia fingerlings (Oreochromis niloticus) fed with different sources of vegetable oils mechanically extracted. Were used 320 tilapias (O. niloticus) with average initial weight and average total initial length of 2.55±0.57 g and 5.59±0.43 cm, respectively, fed for a period of 60 days, in a randomized block design with eight treatments and four replications. The diets were prepared with 320 g/kg crude protein and 3.500 kcal of digestible energy per kg of feed enriched with eight different oils: sunflower, canola, sesame, linseed, peanut, Para’s nut soy and macadamia, with an addition of 4%. Among the major fatty acids the oleic, palmitic, linolenic and linoleic were obtained in higher concentration (mg/g of LT) in fish from all treatments. The sums of polyunsaturated fatty acids after 60 days of cultivation had increased in all treatments compared to the 30 days of the experiment. This is due to the addition of oils with high contents of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids. The fatty acids in the carcass are a reflection of the energy source of oil used. As a conclusion it is recommended the use of linseed oil in the diet of tilapia fingerlings due to great improvement in the relationship between n-6/n-3.<p><p> O presente trabalho teve como objetivo quantificar os ácidos graxos nos alevinos de tilápias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) alimentadas com diferentes fontes de óleos vegetais extraídos mecanicamente. Foram utilizadas 320 tilápias com peso inicial médio e comprimento total inicial médio de 2,55±0,57 g e 5,59±0,43 cm, respectivamente, alimentados por um período de 60 dias, num delineamento em blocos casualizados com oito tratamentos e quatro repetições. As rações foram elaboradas com 320 g/ kg proteína bruta (PB) e 3.500 kcal de energia digestível (ED) por kg de ração, enriquecidas com oito diferentes óleos: girassol, canola, gergelim, linhaça, amendoim, castanha do Pará, soja e macadâmia, com uma inclusão de 4%. Dentre os ácidos graxos majoritários o oléico, palmítico, linolênico e linoléico foram os obtidos em maior concentração (mg/g de LT) nos peixes em todos os tratamentos. As somatórias dos ácidos graxos poliinsaturados aos 60 dias de cultivo apresentaram aumento em todos os tratamentos em comparação aos 30 dias de experimento. Isto se deve a adição dos óleos com alto conteúdo de ácidos graxos n-6 e n-3 nas rações. Os ácidos graxos na carcaça são o reflexo da fonte energética de óleo utilizada. Como conclusão recomenda-se o uso do óleo de linhaça na alimentação de alevinos de tilápias, devido à grande melhoria na razão entre n-6/n-3

Sacha Inchi (plukenetia Volubilis L.) Oil Composition Varies With Changes In Temperature And Pressure In Subcritical Extraction With N-propane

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Sacha inchi is an oilseed crop that shows high oil content and it is an excellent source of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Temperature and pressure can influence in lipid composition on the subcritical extraction with n-propane. The highest extraction yield obtained was 30% under the conditions of 60 degrees C and 12 MPa. The extracted oil presented 442 mg of fatty acid g(-1) in terms of alpha linolenic acid. Analysis by easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry showed a typical TAG (Triacylglycerols) profile for Sacha inchi oil with major ions of m/z (mass-to-charge ratio) 895 (ALA-ALA-ALA), 897 (ALA-ALA-LA), 899 (ALA-LA-LA) and 901 (LA-LA-LA or OL-LA-ALA) in a form of adduct of [TAG + Na](+), in which ALA is alfa linoleic acid, LA is linoleic acid and OL is oleic acid. The phytosterols content (86.39-101.92 mg 100g(-1) of total lipids) varied according to the conditions applied for the n-propane extraction. In general, the subcritical fluid extraction with n-propane was found to preserve the important Sacha inchi oil bioactive constituents, that is, fatty acids, triacylglycerols and phytosterols. Regression analysis also showed that higher temperatures and pressures result in higher yields of phytosterols. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.876470CapesSao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) [2013/19161-4]Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Chemometric tools applied to the development and proximal and sensory characterization of chocolate cakes containing chia and azuki

Um planejamento fatorial 22 completo (dois fatores em dois níveis) com duplicata foi realizado, para investigar a influência dos fatores: % de chia e azuki adicionados no bolo de chocolate isento de glúten, para a determinação da composição proximal, energia e atributos sensoriais. No estudo foi utilizada farinha desengordurada de chia e de azuki. Os fatores % de chia e azuki foram significativos, e o aumento dos valores nestes, contribuiu positivamente nas respostas. A chia foi o fator que mais contribuiu para a maioria das respostas, exceto para o nifext. O efeito principal azuki não foi significativo para as respostas umidade e energia. A análise de componentes principais distinguiram as amostras com maior teor de chia devido principalmente a proteína bruta e aos lipídios totais, sendo os pontos ótimos nas superfícies de resposta destes modelos. Para os atributos sensoriais os modelos foram não significativos e a análise multivariada demonstrou que os menores percentuais de chia e azuki apresentam características semelhantes ao ensaio controle.A 22 full factorial design (two factors at two levels) with duplicate was performed to investigate the influence of the factors percentage of chia and percentage of azuki added to gluten-free chocolate cake on the proximal composition, energy and sensory aspects. Partially defatted chia flour was used in the formulations. Both factors were significant and an increase in their value contributed positively to the measured responses. The percentage of chia was the factor that most contributed to the majority of the responses, except for the nitrogen free extract (nifext). The percentage of azuki did not significantly affect cake moisture and energy. Principal component analysis distinguished samples with the highest content of chia mainly for the responses lipids and crude protein, and these formulations had the optimal point in response surfaces. The models for the sensory attributes were not significant, and multivariate analysis showed that formulations with the lowest percentage of chia and azuki had characteristics similar to control assays.

Sensory and physico-chemical characteristics of desserts prepared with egg products processed by freeze and spray drying

In this work, three freeze-dried (FD) egg products (whole egg (WE), egg yolk (EY) and egg white (EW)) were obtained and the acceptability of confections prepared with each was evaluated. Sensory analyses for confections were performed by hedonic testing with fifty panelists in each evaluation. The studied confections were: Condensed Milk Pudding (P), Quindim (Q) and Meringue (M). The results obtained for confections made with FD egg products were compared with the achieved through other formulations of the same desserts made with fresh (F) or spray-dried (SD) egg products. The sensory analysis results for confections made with FD egg products showed good acceptance by panelists. A principal component analysis of the sensory evaluation data was carried out to identify similarities between the different egg products. The PCA supported the conclusion that FD egg products can substitute their fresh and SD counterparts in dessert formulations with good acceptability while keeping the advantages conferred by the freeze-drying method