Cytological subtyping of non small cell lung carcinomas

CILJ ISTRAŽIVANJA: Odrediti učestalost pojedinih citoloških tipova karcinoma pluća, utvrditi postoji li razlika između citoloških tipova karcinoma pluća nemalih stanica s obzirom na spol i dob pacijenta, utvrditi imunocitokemijska bojenja korištena u citološkoj subtipizaciji karcinoma pluća nemalih stanica, odrediti podudarnost citologije karcinoma pluća nemalih stanica usporedbom s patohistološkim nalazom iste promjene. USTROJ STUDIJE: presječno istraživanje. MATERIJAL I METODE: U istraživanje je uključeno 490 bolesnika kojima je postavljena dijagnoza karcinoma pluća. Svi su razmazi bojeni metodom po May-Grünwald-Giemsi, a nekima je dodatno učinjeno imunocikemijsko bojenje. REZULTATI: Najčešće je dijagnosticiran NSCLC-NOS, zatim planocelularni karcinom, NSCLC – adenokarcinom, adenokarcinom, karcinom malih stanica te ostali. Dokazana je statistički značajna razlika u subtipizaciji NSCLC-NOS između citoloških tipova karcinoma pluća nemalih stanica obzirom na spol i dob, dok za preostale citološke tipove karcinoma pluća nema statistički značajne razlike. Najčešće korištena imunocitokemijska protutijela u ovom istraživanju su TTF-1, BerEp 4 i CK7. Utvrđena je slaba podudarnost u citološkoj subklasifikaciji karcinoma pluća nemalih stanica i patohistološke dijagnoze. ZAKLJUČAK: Subklasifikacija karcinoma pluća nemalih stanica neophodna je zbog složenih i sofisticiranih kemoterapijskih protokola. Potrebno je provoditi stalno poboljšanje kvalitete i standardizaciju postupaka citološke dijagnostike koja je važna smjernica u dijagnostičkom i terapijskom postupku bolesnika s karcinomom pluća nemalih stanica. KLJUČNE RIJEČI: karcinom pluća nemalih stanica, subtipizacija, imunocitokemija, citologija, biopsijaAIM OF THE STUDY: Determine the frequency of specific cytological types of lung carcinomas, determine if there is a difference between the cytological types of non-small-cell lung carcinomas regarding the sex and the age of the patients, determine the immunocytochemical staining used in cytological subtyping non-small-cell lung carcinoma, determine the matching of cytologic diagnosis of non-cell lung carcinoma and the histopathological diagnosis of the same specimen. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 490 patients with diagnosed lung carcinomas. All the smears were stained using the May-Grünwald-Giemsi method, and immunocytochemical staining was additionally done for some of the patients. RESULTS: The most common diagnosis was NSCLC-NOS, followed by planocellular carcinoma, NSCLC – adenocarcinoma, adenocarcinoma, small-cell carcinoma, and other carcinomas. There is a proven statistically significant difference in the NSCLC-NOS subtyping among the cytological types of non-small-cell lung carcinomas regarding the sex and the age of the patients, while there are no statistically significant differences for the other cytological types of lung carcinomas. The most commonly used immunocytochemical antibodies in this study were TTF-1, BerEp 4, and CK7. We determined a low-level match between the cytological subclassification of non-small-cell lung carcinoma and the pathohistological diagnosis. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to subclassify non-small-cell lung carcinomas due to the complex and sophisticated chemotherapy protocols. Continuous quality improvements are necessary, as well as the continuous standardisation of cytological diagnostic procedures, as they provide important guidelines regarding the diagnostic and therapy procedures for the patients suffering from non-small-cell lung carcinoma

Cytologic findings of nipple discharge in 10 years period

CILJ ISTRAŽIVANJA: Odrediti makroskopski izgled iscjetka, stanične elemente u iscjetku, udio citoloških dijagnoza, povezanost boje iscjetka s patohistološkom dijagnozom, usporediti citološki i patohistološki nalaz te odrediti dijagnostičku vrijednost citologije iscjetka iz dojke. USTROJ STUDIJE: Retrospektivna studija. MATERIJAL I METODE: U istraživanje je uključeno 4576 pacijentica s jednostranim ili obostranim iscjetkom iz dojke. Razmazi su bojeni metodom po May-Grünwald-Giemsi. REZULTATI: Iscjedak je citološki najčešće bio benigan (94 %), mliječan ili obojeni (72,5 %), s mikroskopskim nalazom sekreta, pjenušavih stanica i stanica duktalnog epitela pojedinačno i u manjim nakupinama (80,9 %). U 6 pacijentica postavljena je dijagnoza maligne bolesti koja je patohistološki potvrđena u njih 4. Dvije (1,5 %) su pacijentice imale lažno pozitivan, a pet (3,7 %) pacijentica lažno negativan citološki nalaz. Osjetljivost citologije za dijagnostiku iscjetka iz dojke je 44,4 %, specifičnost 98,4 %, pozitivna prediktivna vrijednost 66,7 %, a negativna prediktivna vrijednost 96,0 % . ZAKLJUČAK: Citološka analiza iscjetka iz dojke neinvazivna je, brza i jeftina dijagnostička metoda koja usmjerava dijagnostičku obradu. Galaktografija i slikovne radiološke metode, ultrazvuk i mamografija, najčešći su dijagnostički modaliteti kojima je moguće učinkovito odrediti njegovu etiologiju.OBJECTIVE: To determine the macroscopic appearance of the discharge, the cell elements in the discharge, the portion of cytological diagnoses, the link between the color of the discharge and the histopathologic diagnosis, to compare cytologic and histopathologic findings and to determine the diagnostic value of the cytology of the breast discharge. STUDY OUTLINE: A retrospective study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 4576 patients with unilateral or bilateral discharge from the breast. Smears were stained by May-Grünwald-Giemsa method. RESULTS: The discharge was usually cytologically benign (94%), milky or colored (72.5%), with microscopic findings of secretions, foam cells and ductal epithelial cells individually and in small clusters (80.9%). Six patients were diagnosed with malignant disease which was histologically confirmed on 4. Two (1.5%) female patients had a false positive, and five (3.7%) patients had a false negative cytologic report. The sensitivity of cytology for the diagnosis of breast discharge is 44.4%, specificity is 98.4%, positive predictive value is 66.7%, and negative predictive value is 96.0%. CONCLUSION: The cytological analysis of breast discharge is a noninvasive, fast and inexpensive diagnostic method that directs the diagnostic treatment. Galactography and radiological imaging methods, ultrasound and mammography are the most common diagnostic modalities which can effectively determine its etiology

Cytologic findings of nipple discharge in 10 years period

CILJ ISTRAŽIVANJA: Odrediti makroskopski izgled iscjetka, stanične elemente u iscjetku, udio citoloških dijagnoza, povezanost boje iscjetka s patohistološkom dijagnozom, usporediti citološki i patohistološki nalaz te odrediti dijagnostičku vrijednost citologije iscjetka iz dojke. USTROJ STUDIJE: Retrospektivna studija. MATERIJAL I METODE: U istraživanje je uključeno 4576 pacijentica s jednostranim ili obostranim iscjetkom iz dojke. Razmazi su bojeni metodom po May-Grünwald-Giemsi. REZULTATI: Iscjedak je citološki najčešće bio benigan (94 %), mliječan ili obojeni (72,5 %), s mikroskopskim nalazom sekreta, pjenušavih stanica i stanica duktalnog epitela pojedinačno i u manjim nakupinama (80,9 %). U 6 pacijentica postavljena je dijagnoza maligne bolesti koja je patohistološki potvrđena u njih 4. Dvije (1,5 %) su pacijentice imale lažno pozitivan, a pet (3,7 %) pacijentica lažno negativan citološki nalaz. Osjetljivost citologije za dijagnostiku iscjetka iz dojke je 44,4 %, specifičnost 98,4 %, pozitivna prediktivna vrijednost 66,7 %, a negativna prediktivna vrijednost 96,0 % . ZAKLJUČAK: Citološka analiza iscjetka iz dojke neinvazivna je, brza i jeftina dijagnostička metoda koja usmjerava dijagnostičku obradu. Galaktografija i slikovne radiološke metode, ultrazvuk i mamografija, najčešći su dijagnostički modaliteti kojima je moguće učinkovito odrediti njegovu etiologiju.OBJECTIVE: To determine the macroscopic appearance of the discharge, the cell elements in the discharge, the portion of cytological diagnoses, the link between the color of the discharge and the histopathologic diagnosis, to compare cytologic and histopathologic findings and to determine the diagnostic value of the cytology of the breast discharge. STUDY OUTLINE: A retrospective study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 4576 patients with unilateral or bilateral discharge from the breast. Smears were stained by May-Grünwald-Giemsa method. RESULTS: The discharge was usually cytologically benign (94%), milky or colored (72.5%), with microscopic findings of secretions, foam cells and ductal epithelial cells individually and in small clusters (80.9%). Six patients were diagnosed with malignant disease which was histologically confirmed on 4. Two (1.5%) female patients had a false positive, and five (3.7%) patients had a false negative cytologic report. The sensitivity of cytology for the diagnosis of breast discharge is 44.4%, specificity is 98.4%, positive predictive value is 66.7%, and negative predictive value is 96.0%. CONCLUSION: The cytological analysis of breast discharge is a noninvasive, fast and inexpensive diagnostic method that directs the diagnostic treatment. Galactography and radiological imaging methods, ultrasound and mammography are the most common diagnostic modalities which can effectively determine its etiology

Cytological subtyping of non small cell lung carcinomas

CILJ ISTRAŽIVANJA: Odrediti učestalost pojedinih citoloških tipova karcinoma pluća, utvrditi postoji li razlika između citoloških tipova karcinoma pluća nemalih stanica s obzirom na spol i dob pacijenta, utvrditi imunocitokemijska bojenja korištena u citološkoj subtipizaciji karcinoma pluća nemalih stanica, odrediti podudarnost citologije karcinoma pluća nemalih stanica usporedbom s patohistološkim nalazom iste promjene. USTROJ STUDIJE: presječno istraživanje. MATERIJAL I METODE: U istraživanje je uključeno 490 bolesnika kojima je postavljena dijagnoza karcinoma pluća. Svi su razmazi bojeni metodom po May-Grünwald-Giemsi, a nekima je dodatno učinjeno imunocikemijsko bojenje. REZULTATI: Najčešće je dijagnosticiran NSCLC-NOS, zatim planocelularni karcinom, NSCLC – adenokarcinom, adenokarcinom, karcinom malih stanica te ostali. Dokazana je statistički značajna razlika u subtipizaciji NSCLC-NOS između citoloških tipova karcinoma pluća nemalih stanica obzirom na spol i dob, dok za preostale citološke tipove karcinoma pluća nema statistički značajne razlike. Najčešće korištena imunocitokemijska protutijela u ovom istraživanju su TTF-1, BerEp 4 i CK7. Utvrđena je slaba podudarnost u citološkoj subklasifikaciji karcinoma pluća nemalih stanica i patohistološke dijagnoze. ZAKLJUČAK: Subklasifikacija karcinoma pluća nemalih stanica neophodna je zbog složenih i sofisticiranih kemoterapijskih protokola. Potrebno je provoditi stalno poboljšanje kvalitete i standardizaciju postupaka citološke dijagnostike koja je važna smjernica u dijagnostičkom i terapijskom postupku bolesnika s karcinomom pluća nemalih stanica. KLJUČNE RIJEČI: karcinom pluća nemalih stanica, subtipizacija, imunocitokemija, citologija, biopsijaAIM OF THE STUDY: Determine the frequency of specific cytological types of lung carcinomas, determine if there is a difference between the cytological types of non-small-cell lung carcinomas regarding the sex and the age of the patients, determine the immunocytochemical staining used in cytological subtyping non-small-cell lung carcinoma, determine the matching of cytologic diagnosis of non-cell lung carcinoma and the histopathological diagnosis of the same specimen. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 490 patients with diagnosed lung carcinomas. All the smears were stained using the May-Grünwald-Giemsi method, and immunocytochemical staining was additionally done for some of the patients. RESULTS: The most common diagnosis was NSCLC-NOS, followed by planocellular carcinoma, NSCLC – adenocarcinoma, adenocarcinoma, small-cell carcinoma, and other carcinomas. There is a proven statistically significant difference in the NSCLC-NOS subtyping among the cytological types of non-small-cell lung carcinomas regarding the sex and the age of the patients, while there are no statistically significant differences for the other cytological types of lung carcinomas. The most commonly used immunocytochemical antibodies in this study were TTF-1, BerEp 4, and CK7. We determined a low-level match between the cytological subclassification of non-small-cell lung carcinoma and the pathohistological diagnosis. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to subclassify non-small-cell lung carcinomas due to the complex and sophisticated chemotherapy protocols. Continuous quality improvements are necessary, as well as the continuous standardisation of cytological diagnostic procedures, as they provide important guidelines regarding the diagnostic and therapy procedures for the patients suffering from non-small-cell lung carcinoma

MALDI TOF Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Blood Smear: Method Development and Evaluation

The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate matrix assisted LASER desorption ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) of blood smear. Integrated light microscope and MALDI IT-TOF mass spectrometer, together with a matrix sublimation device, were used for analysis of blood smears coming from healthy male donors. Different blood plasma removal, matrix deposition, and instrumental settings were evaluated using the negative and positive ionization modes while agreement between the light microscopy images and the lateral distributions of cellular marker compounds served as the MSI quality indicator. Red and white blood cells chemical composition was analyzed using the differential m/z expression. Five seconds of exposure to ethanol followed by the 5 min of 9-aminoacridine or α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid deposition, together with two sets of instrumental settings, were selected for the MALDI TOF MSI experiments. Application of the thin and transparent matrix layers assured good correspondence between the LASER footprints and the preselected regions of interest. Cellular marker m/z signals coincided well with the appropriate cells. A metabolite databases search using the differentially expressed m/z produced hits which were consistent with the respective cell types. This study sets the foundations for application of blood smear MALDI TOF MSI in clinical diagnostics and research