More snails attained the 3.0<i>P. antipodarum</i> in the high-P <i>vs</i>. low-P diet treatment (Fisher's exact test, <i>p</i><0.0001).

<p>More snails attained the 3.0<i>P. antipodarum</i> in the high-P <i>vs</i>. low-P diet treatment (Fisher's exact test, <i>p</i><0.0001).</p

Mean SGR of snails in the high-P <i>vs</i>. low-P treatments. Error bars are 95% confidence intervals.

<p><i>Potamopyrgus antipodarum</i> fed the low-P diet grew at a significantly lower rate than snails fed the high-P diet. There were also significant differences in SGR among lakes, driven by significantly higher SGR in Brunner (N = 41) and Selfe (N = 54) snails relative to Hawdon (N = 81; <i>p</i><0.001 for both comparisons) and a marginally significant lake by diet treatment interaction (<i>F</i>_{2, 170} = 2.52, <i>p</i> = 0.083).</p

Response to Phosphorus Limitation Varies among Lake Populations of the Freshwater Snail <i>Potamopyrgus antipodarum</i>

<div><p>Local adaptation – typically recognized as higher values of fitness-related traits for native <i>vs</i>. non-native individuals when measured in the native environment - is common in natural populations because of pervasive spatial variation in the intensity and type of natural selection. Although local adaptation has been primarily studied in the context of biotic interactions, widespread variation in abiotic characteristics of environments suggests that local adaptation in response to abiotic factors should also be common. <i>Potamopyrgus antipodarum</i>, a freshwater New Zealand snail that is an important model system for invasion biology and the maintenance of sexual reproduction, exhibits local adaptation to parasites and rate of water flow. As an initial step to determining whether <i>P. antipodarum</i> are also locally adapted to phosphorus availability, we examined whether populations differ in their responses to phosphorus limitation. We found that field-collected juvenile <i>P. antipodarum</i> grew at a lower rate and reached an important size threshold more slowly when fed a relatively low <i>vs</i>. a relatively high- phosphorus diet. We also detected significant across-population variation in individual growth rate. A marginally significant population-by-dietary phosphorus interaction along with a two-fold difference across populations in the extent of suppression of growth by low phosphorus suggests that populations of <i>P. antipodarum</i> may differ in their response to phosphorus limitation. Local adaptation may explain this variation, with the implication that snails from lakes with relatively low phosphorus availability should be less severely affected by phosphorus limitation than snails from lakes with higher phosphorus availability.</p></div

Open space and sustainable development in Jakarta

Development of open space and green areas in Jakarta is essential to ensure the development of the city is sustainable. Current development trends in Jakarta are extremely market oriented and have resulted in many environments and socio-economic problems that are unsustainable and dangerous to the continued existence of the city itself. One of the important factors in this regard is the lack of sufficient open spaces in the city. This paper proposes that the open spaces within private lots be eliminated and replaced by large open spaces or green areas located within the district where such private lots are located, and that the amount of open space provided within planned settlement development be increased. By doing so, environmentally sensitive areas of the city that have already become settlements can be recovered and the need for open space fulfilled, so that the development of the city can be sustained. The paper begins with an introduction of Jakarta\u92s present conditions and physical development trends related to the city\u92s open and green spaces. Currently, open spaces are provided in three forms: those which are municipally owned; those which are mandated to be provided by property developers and those that exist as yards in private lots. This is followed by a discussion and investigation regarding the development and provision of open and green space from the three aforementioned forms, how open and green spaces can be qualitatively and quantitatively increased, and the resultant benefits to the city